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We theorize that, as a strategy to cope with the pandemic stresses outside of their direct control, individuals will redirect their frustrations toward incumbents. We hypothesize that greater experiences with stress will negatively correlate with the approval of political incumbents even among members of incumbents\u2019 political in-group. We analyze data from the COVID-19 Monitor survey, a multi-wave, cross-sectional survey of over 56,000 Canadians. On three out of four measures, we find that stress negatively impacted incumbent approval, and that these negative impacts occur among the incumbent\u2019s supporters and non-supporters. On the fourth measure, we find the effect of stress on approval is moderated, positive or negative, by whether regional leaders took action to limit the spread of coronavirus disease 2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/pls.2025.10013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T10:51:50Z","timestamp":1765363910000},"page":"116-140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effects of stress on political leadership evaluations"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Jordan","family":"Mansell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fa3aq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"McMaster University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Beyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fa3aq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"McMaster University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ori","family":"Freiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fa3aq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"McMaster University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"McAndrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fa3aq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"McMaster University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Leanage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fa3aq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"McMaster University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clifton","family":"van der Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fa3aq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"McMaster University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0730938425100130_r106","volume-title":"Political stress and its impact on the physical and mental health of citizens","author":"Warren","year":"2022"},{"key":"S0730938425100130_r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12093"},{"key":"S0730938425100130_r94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221870"},{"key":"S0730938425100130_r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-3794(99)00042-6"},{"key":"S0730938425100130_r79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1963175"},{"key":"S0730938425100130_r70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253485"},{"key":"S0730938425100130_r25","article-title":"Variation in the Canadian provincial and territorial responses to COVID-19","volume":"39","author":"Cameron-Blake","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blavatnik School of Government Working Paper Series"},{"key":"S0730938425100130_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1979.tb00793.x"},{"key":"S0730938425100130_r56","unstructured":"IPSOS (2020, May 13). More Canadians approve of provincial premiers\u2019 handling of pandemic (80%, \u22124) than Prime Minister\u2019s (72%, \u22122). https:\/\/www.ipsos.com\/en-ca\/news-polls\/More-Approve-Provincial-Premiers-Handling-Pandemic-Than-Prime-Ministers"},{"key":"S0730938425100130_r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.04.003"},{"key":"S0730938425100130_r75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.11.071"},{"key":"S0730938425100130_r77","unstructured":"Merriam-Webster (2025. 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