{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:31:20Z","timestamp":1715905880094},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Hist Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article historicizes a single stage in how the contemporary obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) category was built. Starting from the position that the two central components which make up OCD are \u2018obsessions\u2019 and \u2018compulsions\u2019, it illustrates how these concepts were taken apart by a small group of clinical psychologists working at the Institute of Psychiatry and the Maudsley psychiatric hospital in south London in the early 1970s, and why compulsions were investigated whilst obsessions were ignored. The decision to distinguish the previously undifferentiated symptoms is attributed to the commitment amongst psychologists at the Maudsley, most notably Stanley Rachman, to an empirical conception of science which emphasized observability. Two aspects of this are discussed. First, compulsions were deemed \u2018visible\u2019 through their correspondence with animal behaviour. Second, the symptom was seen as open to an experimental modification procedure which privileged visible outcomes. Ultimately, the article concludes that the historical division between \u2018obsessions\u2019 and \u2018compulsions\u2019, and the extensive investigation of the latter, has had substantial implications for the development of OCD as a category centred on visible behaviours and treated through behavioural means.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007087423000328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T09:46:07Z","timestamp":1695635167000},"page":"81-97","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u2018Visible\u2019 compulsions: OCD and the politics of science in British clinical psychology, 1948\u20131975"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Eva","family":"Surawy Stepney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007087423000328_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(66)90083-0","article-title":"Modification of expectations in cases with obsessional rituals","volume":"4","author":"Meyer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"S0007087423000328_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.04.027","article-title":"Hans Eysenck's contributions to clinical psychology and behaviour therapy","volume":"103","author":"Rachman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"S0007087423000328_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(89)90052-7","article-title":"Obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: its conceptual history in France during the 19th century","volume":"30","author":"Berrios","year":"1989","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007087423000328_ref24","volume-title":"Histories of Scientific Observation","author":"Daston","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0007087423000328_ref25","volume-title":"Frustration: The Study of Behaviour without a Goal","author":"Maier","year":"1949"},{"key":"S0007087423000328_ref23","volume-title":"Objectivity","author":"Daston","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0007087423000328_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2183","article-title":"Obsessive compulsive disorder: a review","volume":"348","author":"Veale","year":"2014","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0007087423000328_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.127.4.349","article-title":"Treatment of chronic obsessive\u2013compulsive neurosis by in-vivo exposure: a two year follow up","volume":"127","author":"Hodgson","year":"1975","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007087423000328_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(72)80003-2","article-title":"The effects of contamination and washing in obsessional patients","volume":"10","author":"Hodgson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"S0007087423000328_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1353\/ppp.2014.0047","article-title":"A new history of ourselves, in the shadow of our obsessions and compulsions","volume":"21","author":"Castel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology"},{"key":"S0007087423000328_ref9","volume-title":"The Anti-depressant Era","author":"Healey","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0007087423000328_ref12","volume-title":"Playing with Fire: The Controversial History of Hans J. 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of British Society for the History of Science","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}