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The present study assessed non-digestible carbohydrate sweeteners, selected for use in low-energy chocolates, for their ability to beneficially modulate faecal bacterial profiles in human volunteers. Forty volunteers consumed a test chocolate (low-energy or experimental chocolate) containing 22\u00b78\u00a0g of maltitol (MTL), MTL and polydextrose (PDX), or MTL and resistant starch for fourteen consecutive days. The dose of the test chocolates was doubled every 2 weeks over a 6-week period. Numbers of faecal bifidobacteria significantly increased with all the three test treatments. Chocolate containing the PDX blend also significantly increased faecal lactobacilli (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b700\u00a0001) after the 6 weeks. The PDX blend also showed significant increases in faecal propionate and butyrate (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b7002 and 0\u00b7006, respectively). All the test chocolates were well tolerated with no significant change in bowel habit or intestinal symptoms even at a daily dose of 45\u00b76\u00a0g of non-digestible carbohydrate sweetener. This is of importance not only for giving manufacturers a sugar replacement that can reduce energetic content, but also for providing a well-tolerated means of delivering high levels of non-digestible carbohydrates into the colon, bringing about improvements in the biomarkers of gut health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114510001078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,7]],"date-time":"2010-04-07T09:43:25Z","timestamp":1270633405000},"page":"701-708","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["A human volunteer study to assess the impact of confectionery sweeteners on the gut microbiota composition"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Beards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieran","family":"Tuohy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041150"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504978102"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf800284d"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00696.x"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804812105"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.6.2982-2990.2002"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/0723-2020-00015"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.10.4523-4527.2000"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-142-5-1097"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.61.8.3069-3075.1995","article-title":"Quantitative fluorescent in situ hybridisation of Bifidobacterium spp. with genus-specific rRNA-targeted probes and its application in faecal samples","volume":"61","author":"Langendijk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2004.04.015"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.2.403"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN\/2002537"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR200479"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.580"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.4.873S"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.11.2503S"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1998.00337.x"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.3.751S"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80339-9","article-title":"The utilisation of nutrients by isolated epithelial cells of the rat colon","volume":"83","author":"Roediger","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46198-0"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00116a051"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.3.587"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4111-0_9"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN\/2002530"},{"key":"S0007114510001078_ref31","first-page":"768","article-title":"Digestion and absorption of sorbitol, maltitol and isomalt from the small bowel. 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