{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T19:55:10Z","timestamp":1717530910503},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,27]],"date-time":"2011-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317081600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The declining inflammatory immune competence of acute (i.e. wasting) pre-pubescent protein\u2013energy malnutrition has been regarded as reflecting an unregulated immunological disintegration. Recent evidence, however, suggests that malnutrition stimulates a regulated immunological reconfiguration to achieve a non-inflammatory form of competence, perhaps offering protection against autoimmune reactions \u2013 the \u2018Tolerance Model\u2019. Our objective was to determine the influence of acute pre-pubescent malnutrition on the expression of genes critical to tolerogenic regulation. Male and female C57BL\/6J mice, initially 19\u00a0d old, consumed a complete purified diet either <jats:italic>ad libitum<\/jats:italic> (age-matched controls) or in restricted daily quantities (mimicking marasmus), or consumed an isoenergetic low-protein diet <jats:italic>ad libitum<\/jats:italic> (mimicking incipient kwashiorkor) for 14\u00a0d (six animals per dietary group). Gene expression in the spleen, typically an inflammatory organ, and in the small intestine, a site designed for non-inflammatory defence, was assessed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, and normalised to \u03b2-actin. In the spleen of the malnourished groups, both IL-10 and transforming growth factor-\u03b21 mRNA expression increased compared with controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00\u00b705), whereas mRNA expression of IL-12p40 decreased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00\u00b705). Conversely, malnutrition exerted no influence on the expression of mRNA for these cytokines in the small intestine (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&gt;0\u00b705). Moreover, forkhead box P3 mRNA expression, indicative of cell-based tolerogenic potential, was sustained in both the spleen and intestine of the malnourished groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&gt;0\u00b705). Thus, despite limited supplies of energy and substrates, the spleen shifted towards a non-inflammatory character and the intestine was sustained in this mode in advanced pre-pubescent weight loss. These findings provide the first support for the Tolerance Model at the level of mRNA transcript expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114511004399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,27]],"date-time":"2011-09-27T10:30:47Z","timestamp":1317119447000},"page":"1249-1253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A non-inflammatory form of immune competence prevails in acute pre-pubescent malnutrition: new evidence based on critical mRNA transcripts in the mouse"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Monk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia L.","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bill","family":"Woodward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114511004399_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2006.00427.x"},{"key":"S0007114511004399_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636483"},{"key":"S0007114511004399_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.1.2"},{"key":"S0007114511004399_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00184787"},{"key":"S0007114511004399_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507352409"},{"key":"S0007114511004399_ref1","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Nutrition, Immunity, and Infection in Infants and Children","author":"Woodward","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0007114511004399_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509992443"},{"key":"S0007114511004399_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"S0007114511004399_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.03.003"},{"key":"S0007114511004399_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2225"},{"key":"S0007114511004399_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/121.9.1425"},{"key":"S0007114511004399_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020623100818"},{"key":"S0007114511004399_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00229"},{"key":"S0007114511004399_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2009.05.015"},{"key":"S0007114511004399_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020623100304"},{"key":"S0007114511004399_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31720"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007114511004399","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T21:38:52Z","timestamp":1556228332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007114511004399\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,27]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,14]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007114511004399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114511004399","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1145","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,27]]}}}