{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:36:45Z","timestamp":1792121805799,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,23]],"date-time":"2012-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1327276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D by exposure to UVB is the principal source of vitamin D in the human body. Our current clothing habits and reduced time spent outdoors put us at risk of many insufficiency-related diseases that are associated with calcaemic and non-calcaemic functions of vitamin D. Populations with traditional lifestyles having lifelong, year-round exposure to tropical sunlight might provide us with information on optimal vitamin D status from an evolutionary perspective. We measured the sum of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>(25(OH)D) concentrations of thirty-five pastoral Maasai (34 (<jats:sc>sd<\/jats:sc>10) years, 43\u00a0% male) and twenty-five Hadzabe hunter\u2013gatherers (35 (<jats:sc>sd<\/jats:sc>12) years, 84\u00a0% male) living in Tanzania. They have skin type VI, have a moderate degree of clothing, spend the major part of the day outdoors, but avoid direct exposure to sunlight when possible. Their 25(OH)D concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography\u2013MS\/MS. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations of Maasai and Hadzabe were 119 (range 58\u2013167) and 109 (range 71\u2013171)\u00a0nmol\/l, respectively. These concentrations were not related to age, sex or BMI. People with traditional lifestyles, living in the cradle of mankind, have a mean circulating 25(OH)D concentration of 115\u00a0nmol\/l. Whether this concentration is optimal under the conditions of the current Western lifestyle is uncertain, and should as a possible target be investigated with concomitant appreciation of other important factors in Ca homeostasis that we have changed since the agricultural revolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114511007161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,23]],"date-time":"2012-01-23T10:53:33Z","timestamp":1327316013000},"page":"1557-1561","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":197,"title":["Traditionally living populations in East Africa have a mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration of 115\u00a0nmol\/l"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Martine F.","family":"Luxwolda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remko S.","family":"Kuipers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ido P.","family":"Kema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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