{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T01:47:39Z","timestamp":1775353659608,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]],"date-time":"2012-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341964800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin A supplementation (VAS) at birth was not associated with improved survival in a randomised, placebo-controlled trial in Guinea-Bissau. However, a negative sex-differential effect, which became evident after diphtheria\u2013tetanus\u2013pertussis (DTP) vaccination, was noted; among girls who had received DTP, VAS at birth was associated with two-fold higher mortality than placebo. The objective of the present study was to investigate the immunological effects of VAS at birth within a subgroup of participants in the randomised trial. Guided by the mortality results, we further explored whether VAS had a differential effect according to sex and DTP status. At 6 weeks after randomisation and supplementation, we measured differential leucocyte counts and TNF-\u03b1, interferon-\u03b3, IL-10, IL-13 and IL-5 production in a whole-blood culture assay. A total of 471 children were included. VAS compared with placebo at birth was associated with a higher proportion of monocytes (relative risk ratio 1\u00b726, 95\u00a0% CI 1\u00b707, 1\u00b749, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00\u00b704), while spontaneous TNF-\u03b1 production was lower in the VAS group (geometric mean ratio 0\u00b754, 95\u00a0% CI, 0\u00b737, 0\u00b778, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00\u00b7001). Stratified analysis showed that VAS was associated with lower TNF-\u03b1 and IL-10 production for girls without DTP and boys with DTP, resulting in significant three-way interactions between VAS, sex and DTP vaccination status (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00\u00b703 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00\u00b704, respectively) for spontaneous TNF-\u03b1 and IL-10 production. The results substantiate the potential role of VAS as an immunomodulatory intervention, which has different effects depending on concomitant health interventions and the sex of the recipient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114512001304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]],"date-time":"2012-11-21T10:44:08Z","timestamp":1353494648000},"page":"467-477","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The effect of at-birth vitamin A supplementation on differential leucocyte counts and <i>in vitro<\/i> cytokine production: an immunological study nested within a randomised trial in Guinea-Bissau"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Mathias J.","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ane 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