{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:48:30Z","timestamp":1791190110475,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,19]],"date-time":"2012-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1350604800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Poor vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>status may lead to the development of cognitive decline and dementia but there is a large variation in the quality, design of and results reported from these investigations. We have undertaken a systematic review of the evidence for the association between vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>status and cognitive decline in older adults. A database search of the literature to 2011 was undertaken, using keywords related to vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>and cognition. All prospective cohort studies assessing the association of serum vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>or biomarkers were included. Quality assessment and extraction of the data were undertaken by two researchers. The quality assessment tool assigns a positive, neutral or negative rating. Of 3772 published articles, thirty-five cohort studies (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>14\u00a0325 subjects) were identified and evaluated. No association between serum vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>concentrations and cognitive decline or dementia was found. However, four studies that used newer biomarkers of vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>status (methylmalonic acid and holotranscobalamin (holoTC)) showed associations between poor vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>status and the increased risk of cognitive decline or dementia diagnosis. In general, the studies were of reasonable quality (twenty-one positive, ten neutral and four negative quality) but of short duration and inadequate subject numbers to determine whether an effect exists. Future studies should be of adequate duration (at least 6 years), recruit subjects from the seventh decade, choose markers of vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>status with adequate specificity such as holoTC and\/or methylmalonic acid and employ standardised neurocognitive assessment tools and not screening tests in order to ascertain any relationship between vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>status and cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114512004175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,19]],"date-time":"2012-10-19T13:36:29Z","timestamp":1350653789000},"page":"1948-1961","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Vitamin B<sub>12<\/sub>status, cognitive decline and dementia: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Fiona","family":"O'Leary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Allman-Farinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Samman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.18.2.362"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref25","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2009) The Guidelines Manual. http:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/aboutnice\/howwework\/developingniceclinicalguidelines\/clinicalguidelinedevelopmentmethods\/GuidelinesManual2009.jsp?domedia\u00a0=\u00a01&mid\u00a0=\u00a05F238D80-19B9-E0B5-D4CB1191544B5D45 (accessed March 2010)."},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709487104"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.009"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-002-0040-4"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10440"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S118"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000341272.48617.b0"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.131482"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.02.024"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2004.00532.x"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610295001876"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.149286"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.3.636"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2030299"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref19","article-title":"Vitamins and Berries and Age-related Neurodegenerative Disorders","author":"Balk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evidence Report\/Technology Assessment no. 134, AHRQ Publication no. 06-E008. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.12.1323"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S6564"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2003.1.62","article-title":"Update on cobalamin, folate, and homocysteine","author":"Carmel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02590.x"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-009-9116-z"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2008.03.009"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20645"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref8","first-page":"254","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency among demented patients and cognitive recovery with cobalamin replacement","volume":"6","author":"Abyad","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.3.517"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000017070"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000129504.60409.88"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000051275"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref35","first-page":"43","article-title":"Five year changes in mental health and associations with vitamin B12\/folate status of elderly Europeans","volume":"6","author":"Eussen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref4","first-page":"367","article-title":"Vitamin B12 levels in senile dementia and confusional states","volume":"14","author":"Droller","year":"1959","journal-title":"Geriatrics"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6231-8.10051-0"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2011.02484.x"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.388"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000089515"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012244"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2303","article-title":"Homocysteine as a predictor of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"25","author":"Oulhaj","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref43","first-page":"153","article-title":"Homocysteine: a marker for cognitive performance? A longitudinal follow-up study","volume":"7","author":"Teunissen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.2.511"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2006.11.014"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f88162"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639708403855"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.67031328.x"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.4.866"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.1.20"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199107000-00001"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.1.193"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref24","unstructured":"American Dietetic Association (2012) Evidence Analysis Manual: Steps in the Evidence Analysis Process. http:\/\/www.adaevidencelibrary.com\/topic.cfm?cat\u00a0=\u00a01155 (accessed January 2012)."},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000239727.59575.da"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.009613"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000325581.26991.f2"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53153.x"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.3.627"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/60.1.P41"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988704272308"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.6.1406","article-title":"Methylmalonic acid and cognitive function in the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study","volume":"84","author":"McCracken","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0b013e3283486435"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.7.1789"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2003.12.023"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S119"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317506289282"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2009.02026.x"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000087297"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.9.1188"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01939.x"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06583.x"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi259"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70598-1"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.5.1384"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2010.08.234"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref38","first-page":"168","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia in Alzheimer dementia patients and cognitive decline after 6 months follow-up period","volume":"19","author":"Tu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neurol"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-010-0277-5"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011613"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.08.019"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2008.5.1.36"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181f17eed"},{"key":"S0007114512004175_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156720510792231702"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007114512004175","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T12:34:29Z","timestamp":1714480469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007114512004175\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,19]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007114512004175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114512004175","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1145","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,19]]}}}