{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:08:37Z","timestamp":1793725717763,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,8]],"date-time":"2013-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357603200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is strong evidence indicating that elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) levels are a major independent biomarker and\/or a contributor to chronic conditions, such as CVD. A deficiency of vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>can elevate homocysteine. Vegetarians are a group of the population who are potentially at greater risk of vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>deficiency than omnivores. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to appraise a range of studies that compared the homocysteine and vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>levels of vegetarians and omnivores. The search methods employed identified 443 entries, from which, by screening using set inclusion and exclusion criteria, six eligible cohort case studies and eleven cross-sectional studies from 1999 to 2010 were revealed, which compared concentrations of plasma tHcy and serum vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>of omnivores, lactovegetarians or lacto-ovovegetarians and vegans. Of the identified seventeen studies (3230 participants), only two studies reported that vegan concentrations of plasma tHcy and serum vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>did not differ from omnivores. The present study confirmed that an inverse relationship exists between plasma tHcy and serum vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>, from which it can be concluded that the usual dietary source of vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>is animal products and those who choose to omit or restrict these products are destined to become vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>deficient. At present, the available supplement, which is usually used for fortification of food, is the unreliable cyanocobalamin. A well-designed study is needed to investigate a reliable and suitable supplement to normalise the elevated plasma tHcy of a high majority of vegetarians. This would fill the gaps in the present nutritional scientific knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s000711451200520x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,9]],"date-time":"2013-01-09T01:53:37Z","timestamp":1357696417000},"page":"785-794","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Plasma total homocysteine status of vegetarians compared with omnivores: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Derek","family":"Obersby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Chappell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Dunnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amalia A.","family":"Tsiami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"S000711451200520X_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90247-7"},{"key":"S000711451200520X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf103846u"},{"key":"S000711451200520X_ref23","first-page":"489","article-title":"The role of pancreas in cobalamin (vitamin B12) absorption","volume":"79","author":"Herzlich","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"S000711451200520X_ref46","first-page":"67","article-title":"Homocysteine and cobalamin status in German vegans","volume":"74","author":"Waldmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"S000711451200520X_ref19","unstructured":"European Commission (2008). 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