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The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of consumption of a whey protein-containing breakfast drink <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. a carbohydrate drink <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. control on subjective and physiological responses to mental workload in simulated work. In a randomised cross-over design, ten healthy subjects (seven women, median age 26 years, median BMI 23\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) participated in a single-blinded, placebo-controlled study. The subjects performed demanding work-like tasks after having a breakfast drink high in protein (HP) or high in carbohydrate (HC) or a control drink on separate sessions. Subjective states were assessed using the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), the Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS) and the modified Profile of Mood States. Heart rate was recorded during task performance. The ratio of plasma tryptophan (Trp) to the sum of the other large neutral amino acids (LNAA) and salivary cortisol were also analysed. The plasma Trp:LNAA ratio was 30\u00a0% higher after the test drinks HP (median 0\u00b713\u00a0(\u03bcmol\/l)\/(\u03bcmol\/l)) and HC (median 0\u00b713\u00a0(\u03bcmol\/l)\/(\u03bcmol\/l)) than after the control drink (median 0\u00b710\u00a0(\u03bcmol\/l)\/(\u03bcmol\/l)). The increase in heart rate was smaller after the HP (median 2\u00b77 beats\/min) and HC (median 1\u00b79 beats\/min) drinks when compared with the control drink (median 7\u00b72 beats\/min) during task performance. Subjective sleepiness was reduced more after the HC drink (median KSS \u2212\u00a01\u00b75) than after the control drink (median KSS \u2212\u00a00\u00b75). There were no significant differences between the breakfast types in the NASA-TLX index, cortisol levels or task performance. We conclude that a breakfast drink high in whey protein or carbohydrates may improve coping with mental tasks in healthy subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114513000779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]],"date-time":"2013-04-16T09:54:12Z","timestamp":1366106052000},"page":"1712-1721","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Breakfast high in whey protein or carbohydrates improves coping with workload in healthy subjects"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Nora","family":"Sihvola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riitta","family":"Korpela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Henelius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minna","family":"Huotilainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiti","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tuija","family":"Poussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kati","family":"Pettersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"Turpeinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katri","family":"Peuhkuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-010-0752-7"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/appe.1997.0155"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2009.12.014"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051492"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.6.1536"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105057466"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2006.06.009"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459008994241"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016826"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2010.00823.x"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199903000-00006"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.05.006"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2012.06.003"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2010.01.003"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref29","first-page":"36","volume-title":"Ty\u00f6terveyslaitoksen julkaisuja","volume":"16","author":"H\u00e4nninen","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03204659"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508199019"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.12.017"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(96)05223-4"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0b013e3181e3f329"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.6.1051"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2009.83"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.03.002"},{"key":"S0007114513000779_ref1","first-page":"41.41","volume-title":"Handbook of Perception and Human Performance. 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