{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T23:55:16Z","timestamp":1793922916591,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]],"date-time":"2014-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405382400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Demand for organic foods is partially driven by consumers' perceptions that they are more nutritious. However, scientific opinion is divided on whether there are significant nutritional differences between organic and non-organic foods, and two recent reviews have concluded that there are no differences. In the present study, we carried out meta-analyses based on 343 peer-reviewed publications that indicate statistically significant and meaningful differences in composition between organic and non-organic crops\/crop-based foods. Most importantly, the concentrations of a range of antioxidants such as polyphenolics were found to be substantially higher in organic crops\/crop-based foods, with those of phenolic acids, flavanones, stilbenes, flavones, flavonols and anthocyanins being an estimated 19 (95\u00a0% CI 5, 33)\u00a0%, 69 (95\u00a0% CI 13, 125)\u00a0%, 28 (95\u00a0% CI 12, 44)\u00a0%, 26 (95\u00a0% CI 3, 48)\u00a0%, 50 (95\u00a0% CI 28, 72)\u00a0% and 51 (95\u00a0% CI 17, 86)\u00a0% higher, respectively. Many of these compounds have previously been linked to a reduced risk of chronic diseases, including CVD and neurodegenerative diseases and certain cancers, in dietary intervention and epidemiological studies. Additionally, the frequency of occurrence of pesticide residues was found to be four times higher in conventional crops, which also contained significantly higher concentrations of the toxic metal Cd. Significant differences were also detected for some other (e.g. minerals and vitamins) compounds. There is evidence that higher antioxidant concentrations and lower Cd concentrations are linked to specific agronomic practices (e.g. non-use of mineral N and P fertilisers, respectively) prescribed in organic farming systems. In conclusion, organic crops, on average, have higher concentrations of antioxidants, lower concentrations of Cd and a lower incidence of pesticide residues than the non-organic comparators across regions and production seasons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114514001366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]],"date-time":"2014-06-26T10:12:12Z","timestamp":1403777532000},"page":"794-811","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":598,"title":["Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Marcin","family":"Bara\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"\u015arednicka-Tober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Volakakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Seal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Sanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin B.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Benbrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Biavati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Markellou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charilaos","family":"Giotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Gromadzka-Ostrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Rembia\u0142kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystyna","family":"Skwar\u0142o-So\u0144ta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raija","family":"Tahvonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Janovsk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urs","family":"Niggli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Nicot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Leifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845693411.1.74"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0434.1998.tb04611.x"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.njas.2010.04.001"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref17","first-page":"171","article-title":"Antioxidant relevance to human health","volume":"22","author":"Wahlqvist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400846184"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref5","volume-title":"Organic Farming","author":"Lampkin","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11032-012-9795-7"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2466"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Commission Regulation (EC) No. 396\/2005 of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin and amending Council Directive 91\/414\/EEC","volume":"70","year":"2005","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf204696w"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref53","first-page":"6","article-title":"Commission Regulation (EC) No. 629\/2008 of 2 July 2008 amending Regulation (EC) No. 1881\/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs","volume":"173","year":"2008","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00036-7"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy3010059"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28041"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400846184-005","volume-title":"Handbook of Meta-Analysis in Ecology and Evolution","author":"Stewart","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf4008967"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref32","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis","author":"Hedges","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf303978n"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.03794.x"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5754"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0546"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509992236"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00477.x"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.06.011"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422410000041"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref30","unstructured":"Anonymous (2013) The R Project for Statistical Computing. http:\/\/www.r-project.org\/ (accessed 10 February 2013).."},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2010.06.012"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref56","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (2013) Maximum Residue Levels. http:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/pesticides\/mrls.htm (accessed accessed September 2013)."},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-25727"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/RAF2005113"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1999)080[1142:SIIEMA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4248"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11032-012-9796-6"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf802815d"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.5639"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf030217n"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400846184-010","volume-title":"Handbook of Meta-Analysis in Ecology and Evolution","author":"Mengersen","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.1.1","article-title":"The satiating power of protein \u2013 a key to obesity prevention?","volume":"82","author":"Astrup","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref6","volume-title":"The Organic Farming Manual: A Comprehensive Guide to Starting and Running a Certified Organic Farm","author":"Hansen","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-044894-7.01345-2"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1999)080[1150:TMAORR]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2013.06.003"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07352689.2011.554417"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2430"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref22","author":"Benbrook","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.py.30.090192.002101"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(96)03303-3"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf104389m"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620161130"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref61","first-page":"135","article-title":"Effect of organic, low-input and conventional production systems on yield and quality of winter wheat","volume":"80","author":"Lueck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aspects Appl Biol"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030110113799"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400846184-008","volume-title":"Handbook of Meta-Analysis in Ecology and Evolution","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref49","unstructured":"Almuayrifi M (2013) Effect of fertilisation, crop protection, pre-crop and variety choice on yield of phenols content diseases severity and yield of winter wheat. PhD Thesis, Newcastle University.."},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref34","volume-title":"Practical Meta-analysis","author":"Lipsey","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200600889"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-157-5-201209040-00007"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3040.2001.00768.x"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711459900063X"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1994.tb02968.x"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.81.2.341","article-title":"Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century","volume":"81","author":"Cordain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref39","volume-title":"Randomization, Bootstrap and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology","author":"Manly","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref37","volume-title":"Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis","author":"Rothstein","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3142"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4581"},{"key":"S0007114514001366_ref3","volume-title":"The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics and Emerging Trends 2011. FiBL-IFOAM Report","author":"Willer","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007114514001366","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,11]],"date-time":"2019-08-11T19:21:26Z","timestamp":1565551286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007114514001366\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,14]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007114514001366"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114514001366","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1145","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]]}}}