{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:23:31Z","timestamp":1791473011031,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"s1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453420800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Previous studies have suggested that prenatal maternal folate deficiency is associated with reduced prenatal brain growth and psychological problems in offspring. However, little is known about the longer-term impact. The aims of this study were to investigate whether prenatal maternal folate insufficiency, high total homocysteine levels and low vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels are associated with altered brain morphology, cognitive and\/or psychological problems in school-aged children. This study was embedded in Generation R, a prospective population-based cohort study. The study sample consisted of 256 Dutch children aged between 6 and 8 years from whom structural brain scans were collected using MRI. The mothers of sixty-two children had insufficient (&lt;8 nmol\/l) plasma folate concentrations in early pregnancy. Cognitive development was assessed by the Snijders-Oomen Niet-verbale intelligentietest \u2013 Revisie and the NEPSY-II-NL. Psychological problems were assessed at age 6 years using the parent report of the Child Behavior Checklist. Low prenatal folate levels were associated with a smaller total brain volume (\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u201333\u00b734; 95 % CI \u201366\u00b77, 0\u00b702;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =050) and predicted poorer performance on the language (\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20130\u00b728; 95 % CI \u20130\u00b752, \u20130\u00b704;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0\u00b7020) and visuo-spatial domains (\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20130\u00b727; 95 % CI \u20130\u00b750, \u20130\u00b704;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0\u00b7021). High homocysteine levels (&gt;9\u00b71 \u00b5mol\/l) predicted poorer performance on the language (\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20130\u00b731; 95 % CI \u20130\u00b756, \u20130\u00b706;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0\u00b7014) and visuo-spatial domains (\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20130\u00b736; 95 % CI \u20130\u00b760, \u20130\u00b711;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0\u00b7004). No associations with psychological problems were found. Our findings suggest that folate insufficiency in early pregnancy has a long-lasting, global effect on brain development and is, together with homocysteine levels, associated with poorer cognitive performance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114515002081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T04:32:57Z","timestamp":1453437177000},"page":"S1-S9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Prenatal folate, homocysteine and vitamin B\n                    <sub>12<\/sub>\n                    levels and child brain volumes, cognitive development and psychological functioning: the Generation R Study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Charlotte L.","family":"Ars","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilse M.","family":"Nijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"El Marroun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Muetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolien","family":"Steenweg-de Graaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aad","family":"van der Lugt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent W.","family":"Jaddoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Hofman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Steegers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank C.","family":"Verhulst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Tiemeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonya","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Medical Center"},{"name":"Erasmus University Medical 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(2005) Snijders-Oomen non-verbal intelligence test: SON-R 2.5-7.Amsterdam: Boom Testuitgevers."},{"key":"S0007114515002081_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.1.162"},{"key":"S0007114515002081_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02182.x"},{"key":"S0007114515002081_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665111003247"},{"key":"S0007114515002081_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/147683009X388913"},{"key":"S0007114515002081_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01264.x"},{"key":"S0007114515002081_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(76)90027-7"},{"key":"S0007114515002081_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.030791"},{"key":"S0007114515002081_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S114"},{"key":"S0007114515002081_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-012-9735-1"},{"key":"S0007114515002081_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9768-0"},{"key":"S0007114515002081_ref18","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA Preschool Forms and Profiles","author":"Achenbach","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0007114515002081_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040903146966"},{"key":"S0007114515002081_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/15.1.31"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114526106278","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453420800000}}],"container-title":["British Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007114515002081","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T06:00:00Z","timestamp":1770184800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007114515002081\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"s1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007114515002081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114515002081","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1145","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Authors 2016","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/),which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}