{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T13:01:15Z","timestamp":1782910875097,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,11]],"date-time":"2015-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439251200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher dietary intakes of Mg and Ca, individually, have been associated with a decreased risk for the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). Experimental studies suggest that a higher intra-cellular ratio of Ca:Mg, which may be induced by a diet high in Ca and low in Mg, may lead to hypertension and insulin resistance. However, no previous epidemiological studies have examined the effects of the combined intake of Mg and Ca on MetSyn. Thus, we evaluated the association between dietary intakes of Ca and Mg (using 24-h recalls), independently and in combination, and MetSyn in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study 2001\u20132010 data, which included 9148 adults (4549 men and 4599 women), with complete information on relevant nutrient, demographic, anthropometric and biomarker variables. We found an inverse association between the highest (&gt;355 mg\/d)<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. the lowest (&lt;197 mg\/d) quartile of Mg and MetSyn (OR 0\u00b770; 95 % CI 0\u00b757, 0\u00b786). Women who met the RDA for both Mg (310\u2013320 mg\/d) and Ca (1000\u20131200 mg\/d) had the greatest reduced odds of MetSyn (OR 0\u00b759; 95 % CI 0\u00b745, 0\u00b776). In men, meeting the RDA for Mg (400\u2013420 mg\/d) and Ca (1000\u20131200 mg\/d), individually or in combination, was not associated with MetSyn; however, men with intakes in the highest quartile for Mg (\u2265386 mg\/d) and Ca (\u22651224 mg\/d) had a lower odds of MetSyn (OR 0\u00b774; 95 % CI 0\u00b759, 0\u00b793). Our results suggest that women who meet the RDA for Mg and Ca have a reduced odds of MetSyn but men may require Ca levels higher than the RDA to be protected against MetSyn.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114515002482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,11]],"date-time":"2015-08-11T09:37:43Z","timestamp":1439285863000},"page":"924-935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Dietary intake of calcium and magnesium and the metabolic syndrome in the National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) 2001\u20132010 data"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Moore-Schiltz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mendel E.","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Swain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora L.","family":"Nock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2004.10719389"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510005581"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-9-199605010-00007"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref34","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control (2010) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007\u20132008 Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies. Cholesterol-HDL (HDL_E). http:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/2007-2008\/HDL_E.htm"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.628"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1002038"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200512000-00003"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530370054031"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref45","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture (2005) What we eat in America, NHANES 2001\u20132002: usual nutrient intakes from food compared to dietary reference intakes. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service."},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref36","unstructured":"NHANES (2011) NHANES 2009\u20132010: blood pressure data documentation, codebook and frequencies. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nhcs\/nhanes\/nhanes2009-2010\/BPX_F.htm (accessed April 2013)."},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.17.6.951"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1999.10718904"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref33","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control (2010) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007\u20132008 Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies. cholesterol-LDL & Triglycerides (TRIGLY_E). http:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/2007-2008\/TRIGLY_E.htm"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-008-0715-x"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref35","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control (2012) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009\u20132010 Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies. Plasma Fasting Glucose & Insulin (GLU_F). http:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/2009-2010\/GLU_F.htm"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.46.28977"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2014.05.003"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.12.2926"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-009-9548-7"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref39","first-page":"1","article-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: plan and operations, 1999\u20132010","volume":"1","author":"Zipf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref32","unstructured":"NHANES (2010) Continuous NHANES web tutorial. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/tutorials\/NHANES\/SurveyOrientation\/intro.htm (accessed February 2013)."},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00465.x"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.7.1769"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2009.10719807"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.6.1438"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref41","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D","year":"2012"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref47","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture (2009) What we eat in America, NHANES 2005\u20132006: usual nutrient intakes from food and water compared to 1997 dietary reference intakes for vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service."},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref43","first-page":"S181","article-title":"Rising Ca:Mg intake ratio from food in USA adults: a concern?","volume":"23","author":"Rosanoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V34s78","article-title":"Cellular ions in hypertension, insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes: a unifying theme","volume":"3","author":"Resnick","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref38","unstructured":"NHANES (2013) NHANES dietary web tutorial. Dietary data overview: NHANES dietary data collection. www.cdc\/gov\/nchs\/tutorials\/Dietary\/SurveyOrientation\/DietaryDataOverview\/info2.htm (accessed December 2013)."},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076632"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref29","volume-title":"Krause\u2019s Food, Nutrition and Diet Therapy","author":"Mahan","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0879"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2010.01332.x"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90290-R"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.118539"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.6.1914","article-title":"Ethnic differences in dairy and related nutrient consumption among US adults and their association with obesity, central obesity, and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Beydoun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2007.01.006"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref31","unstructured":"National Health and Nutrition Examination (2009) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Anthropometry procedures manual. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/nhanes_09_10\/BodyMeasures_09 (accessed April 2013)."},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref26","first-page":"73","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency and metabolic syndrome: stress and inflammation may reflect calcium activation","volume":"23","author":"Rayssiguier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2010.00293.x"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.324","article-title":"The US Department of Agriculture Automated Multiple-Pass Method reduces bias in the collection of energy intakes","volume":"88","author":"Moshfegh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.3.356"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-2997(02)00090-0"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(98)00224-6"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(07)70116-7"},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref40","unstructured":"NHANES (2010) Sampling design. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/tutorials\/nhanes\/SurveyDesign\/SampleDesign\/intro.htm (accessed December 2012)."},{"key":"S0007114515002482_ref42","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride","year":"1997"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007114515002482","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T05:19:07Z","timestamp":1653023947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007114515002482\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,11]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,28]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007114515002482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114515002482","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1145","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Authors 2015\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}