{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T10:40:50Z","timestamp":1753180850887},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,6]],"date-time":"2016-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462492800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) for 6 months supports optimal infant growth, health and development. This paper examined whether maternal HIV status was associated with EBF and other infant feeding practices. Pregnant women were enrolled after HIV counselling, and their babies were followed up for up to 1 year. Data on household socio-economics and demographics, maternal characteristics and infants\u2019 daily diet were available for 482 infants and their mothers (150 HIV-positive (HIV-P), 170 HIV-negative (HIV-N) and 162 HIV-unknown (HIV-U)). Survival analyses estimated median EBF duration and time to introduction of liquids and foods; hazards ratios (HR) used data from 1\u2013365 and 1\u2013183 d, adjusting for covariates. Logistic regression estimated the probability of EBF for 6 months. Being HIV-P was associated with a shorter EBF duration (139 d) compared with HIV-N (163 d) and HIV-U (165 d) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7004). Compared with HIV-N, being HIV-P was associated with about a 40 % higher risk of stopping EBF at any time point (HR 1\u00b739; 95 % CI 1\u00b706, 1\u00b784; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7018) and less than half as likely to complete 6 months of EBF (adjusted OR 0\u00b742; 95 % CI 0\u00b722, 0\u00b781; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b701). Being HIV-P tended to be or was associated with a higher risk of introducing non-milk liquids (HR 1\u00b734; 95 % CI 0\u00b798, 1\u00b783; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7068), animal milks (HR 2\u00b737; 95 % CI 1\u00b732, 4\u00b724; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7004) and solids (HR 1\u00b756; 95 % CI 1\u00b710, 2\u00b722; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7011) during the first 6 months. Weight-for-age <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>-score was associated with EBF and introducing formula. Different factors (ethnicity, food insecurity, HIV testing strategy) were associated with the various feeding behaviours, suggesting that diverse interventions are needed to promote optimal infant feeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114516001707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,6]],"date-time":"2016-05-06T10:53:43Z","timestamp":1462532023000},"page":"115-125","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Factors are not the same for risk of stopping exclusive breast-feeding and introducing different types of liquids and solids in HIV-affected communities in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Grace S.","family":"Marquis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Perez-Escamilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Brakohiapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Birks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czg020"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4358-7-12"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014) Global Nutrition Targets 2025: breastfeeding policy brief. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/149022\/1\/WHO_NMH_NHD_14.7_eng.pdf?ua=1 (accessed August 2015)."},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref39","volume-title":"Guidelines for Decision-Makers \u2013 A Guide for Health Care Managers and Supervisors","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2015.1005268"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000166093.16446.c9"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref17","unstructured":"Ghana AIDS Commission (2014) Country aids response progress report \u2013 Ghana. Reporting period January 2013\u2013December 2014. http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/country\/documents\/\/GHA_narrative_report_2014.pdf (accessed August 2015)."},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref16","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012) Resolution WHA65.6. Comprehensive Implementation Plan on Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition. Resolutions and decisions, annexes. Sixty-Fifth World Health Assembly, Geneva, 21\u201326 May. http:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/ topics\/WHA65.6_resolution_en.pdf?ua=1 (accessed August 2015)."},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmwh.2005.01.005"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0153-x"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1616"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.7.1691"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2012.00441.x"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2010.00272.x"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref18","volume-title":"Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2008","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref10","first-page":"23","article-title":"Infant feeding choices and experiences of HIV-positive mothers from two Ghanaian districts","volume":"1","author":"Laar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J AIDS HIV Res"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref7","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010) Guidelines on HIV and infant feeding 2010: principles and recommendations for infant feeding in the context of HIV and a summary of evidence. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/44345\/1\/9789241599535_eng.pdf (accessed August 2015)."},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb03306.x"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60283-9"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200102160-00011"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref1","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (2013) Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013. http:\/\/\u03bb.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/UNAIDS_Global_Report_2013_en_1.pdf (accessed August 2015)."},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4358-3-26"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334404272388"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334408325072"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.04.019448"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref24","volume-title":"Food Insecurity and Hunger in the United States: An Assessment of the Measure. Panel to Review the US Department of Agriculture\u2019s Measurement of Food Insecurity and Hunger","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.5.959"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref27","volume-title":"WHO Child Growth Standards: Length\/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height And Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334405279251"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-215"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.2.349"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00130-0"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-124"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref40","unstructured":"National Development Planning Commission (2015) Ghana millennium development goals 2015 report. http:\/\/www.undp.org\/content\/dam\/ghana\/docs\/Doc\/Inclgro\/UNDP_GH_2015%20Ghana%20MDGs%20Report.pdf (accessed December 2015)."},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref20","volume-title":"Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2003","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref26","volume-title":"Indicators for Assessing Breastfeeding Practices","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref28","unstructured":"World Health Organization, United Nations International Children\u2019s Emergency Fund & Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (2006) HIV and infant feeding update based on the technical consultation held on behalf of the Inter-Agency Tast Team (IATT) on prevention of HIV infection in pregnant women, mothers and their infants, Geneva, 25\u201327 October. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/43747\/1\/9789241595964_eng.pdf (accessed December 2015)."},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002193200002037X"},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref41","unstructured":"Ghana AIDS Commission (2015) Country AIDS response progress report \u2013 Ghana reporting period January 2013\u2013December 2014. http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/country\/documents\/\/file,94605,es..pdf (accessed December 2015)."},{"key":"S0007114516001707_ref19","unstructured":"Ghana Statistical Service, Ghana Health Service & The Demographic and Health Surveys Program ICF International (2015) Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2014 key indicators. http:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/PR59\/PR59.pdf (accessed August 2015)."}],"container-title":["British Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007114516001707","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]],"date-time":"2019-04-19T01:55:05Z","timestamp":1555638905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007114516001707\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,6]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,14]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007114516001707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114516001707","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1145","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Authors 2016\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}