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At 13 d of age, feed was withdrawn for 24 h from one-half of birds of each dietary treatment with subsequent gavage of a 25\u00d7 dose of coccidial vaccine. Overall, there were four treatments with eight replicate cages per treatment. Under combined challenge, birds fed the Thr-deficient diet had 38 % lower 13\u201321-d body weight gain (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u22640\u00b705) compared with birds fed the Thr-control diet. At 21 d, the challenged group fed low Thr had higher number of oocysts (+40 %,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b703) and lower crypt depth (\u221231 %,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701). In addition, birds fed the low-Thr diet had higher gut permeability as measured after 2 h of administration of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (3\u20135 kDa,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701), which may be attributed to decreased IgA production (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b703) in the ileum. In caecal tonsils, the challenged group fed low Thr had lower CD3:Bu-1 ratio (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u22640\u00b705), along with a tendency for lower CCR9 mRNA expression in birds fed the low-Thr diet (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b710). In addition, Thr deficiency tended to increase IL-10 mRNA expression regardless of infection (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b706), but did not change interferon-<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>mRNA expression upon coccidial infection (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&gt;0\u00b705). Overall, Thr deficiency worsened the detrimental effects of combined feed withdrawal and coccidial infection on growth performance and oocyst shedding by impairing intestinal morphology, barrier function, lymphocyte profiles and their cytokine expressions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114516003238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]],"date-time":"2016-12-20T09:54:49Z","timestamp":1482227689000},"page":"2030-2043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Effect of threonine deficiency on intestinal integrity and immune response to feed withdrawal combined with coccidial vaccine challenge in broiler chicks"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan D.","family":"Eicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kolapo M.","family":"Ajuwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd J.","family":"Applegate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114516003238_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.3.486"},{"key":"S0007114516003238_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-01654"},{"key":"S0007114516003238_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1066R.1"},{"key":"S0007114516003238_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00009"},{"key":"S0007114516003238_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2004.06.040"},{"key":"S0007114516003238_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00221.2006"},{"key":"S0007114516003238_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00243.2003"},{"key":"S0007114516003238_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2015.00014"},{"key":"S0007114516003238_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260380602"},{"key":"S0007114516003238_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-635X2003000100001"},{"key":"S0007114516003238_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"S0007114516003238_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.4.2527-2534.2001"},{"key":"S0007114516003238_ref46","unstructured":"Su SC (2013) Expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters in the intestine of Eimeria-challenged chickens. 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