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Fish were fed graded levels of dietary vitamin A for 10 weeks, and then a challenge test using an injection of\n                    <jats:italic>Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    was conducted for 14 d. The results showed that, compared with the optimum vitamin A level, vitamin A deficiency significantly decreased fish growth performance, increased enteritis morbidity, decreased intestinal innate humoral immune response and aggravated intestinal inflammation. However, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2A\/B mRNA in the DI and\n                    <jats:italic>IL-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IL-17D<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IL-10<\/jats:italic>\n                    , transforming growth factor (\n                    <jats:italic>TGF<\/jats:italic>\n                    )\n                    <jats:italic>-\u03b21<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>TGF-\u03b22<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA in the PI were not affected by vitamin A levels. Meanwhile, vitamin A deficiency disturbed inflammatory cytokines in the PI, MI and DI, which might be partly linked to p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (\n                    <jats:italic>p38MAPK<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) signalling and\n                    <jats:italic>NF-\u03baB<\/jats:italic>\n                    canonical signalling pathway (I\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    B kinase\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>IKK\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ),\n                    <jats:italic>IKK\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    , inhibitor of\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    B\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>NF-\u03baB p65<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>c-Rel<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) rather than\n                    <jats:italic>NF-\u03baB<\/jats:italic>\n                    non-canonical signalling pathway (\n                    <jats:italic>NF-\u03baB p52<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>IKK\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). However, the signalling molecules\n                    <jats:italic>NF-\u03baB p65<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>p38MAPK<\/jats:italic>\n                    did not participate in regulating cytokines in the PI. These results suggested that vitamin A deficiency decreased fish growth and impaired intestinal immune function, and that different immune responses in the PI, MI and DI were mediated partly by\n                    <jats:italic>NF-\u03baB<\/jats:italic>\n                    canonical signalling and\n                    <jats:italic>p38MAPK<\/jats:italic>\n                    signalling pathways. On the basis of percentage of weight gain, to protect fish against enteritis morbidity and acid phosphatase activity, the optimum dietary vitamin A levels were estimated to be 0\u00b7664, 0\u00b7707 and 0\u00b7722 mg \/kg, respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114516003342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]],"date-time":"2017-01-18T05:44:14Z","timestamp":1484718254000},"page":"67-82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Vitamin A deficiency suppresses fish immune function with differences in different intestinal segments: the role of transcriptional factor\n                    <i>NF-\u03baB<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase<\/i>\n                    signalling 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