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Whether preterm birth<jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic>or the early nutritional interventions used to support growth in preterm infants underpins this association is unknown. Lambs born preterm, following dexamethasone induction of labour, or spontaneously at term were randomised to receive nutrient supplementation, analogous to the milk fortifier used clinically or water as a control for the first 2 weeks after birth. Thereafter, nutrition was not different between groups. Growth was monitored, and the glucose\u2013insulin axis function was assessed in juvenile (4 months) and adult life (14 months). Early nutrition influenced adult metabolic function and body composition to a greater extent than preterm birth. In supplemented females, arginine-stimulated insulin secretion was increased in preterm but reduced in term-born juveniles compared with controls (repeated-measures ANOVA<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701). In supplemented preterm males, adult weight, ponderal index (PI) and fasting insulin concentrations were elevated compared with preterm controls (weight, 75 (<jats:sc>sem<\/jats:sc>3)<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. 69 (<jats:sc>sem<\/jats:sc>2) kg; PI, 48\u00b70 (<jats:sc>sem<\/jats:sc>2\u00b71)<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. 43\u00b77 (<jats:sc>sem<\/jats:sc>1\u00b77) kg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>; fasting insulin, 0\u00b719 (<jats:sc>sem<\/jats:sc>0\u00b702)<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. 0\u00b710 (<jats:sc>sem<\/jats:sc>0\u00b702) ng\/ml). Conversely, supplemented term-born males had reduced adult weight, PI and fasting insulin concentrations compared with term-born controls (weight, 64 (<jats:sc>sem<\/jats:sc>2)<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. 70 (<jats:sc>sem<\/jats:sc>2) kg; PI, 44\u00b74 (<jats:sc>sem<\/jats:sc>1\u00b78)<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. 48\u00b72 (<jats:sc>sem<\/jats:sc>1\u00b77) kg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>; fasting insulin, 0\u00b709 (<jats:sc>sem<\/jats:sc>0\u00b702)<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. 0\u00b714 (<jats:sc>sem<\/jats:sc>0\u00b702) ng\/ml; all group\u00d7supplement interactions<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b705). Adult metabolic health may reflect both gestational age at birth and early nutrition. Human studies are urgently needed to investigate the adult sex-specific health implications of neonatal nutritional strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114516004013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,15]],"date-time":"2016-12-15T09:06:56Z","timestamp":1481792816000},"page":"1912-1925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Neonatal milk supplementation in lambs has persistent effects on growth and metabolic function that differ by sex and gestational age"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Mary J.","family":"Berry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne L.","family":"Jaquiery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark H.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2697-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane E.","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6424-6577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank H.","family":"Bloomfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114516004013_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4860"},{"key":"S0007114516004013_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00029.2013"},{"key":"S0007114516004013_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.128652"},{"key":"S0007114516004013_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3182242deb"},{"key":"S0007114516004013_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719110369182"},{"key":"S0007114516004013_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuschel CA & Harding JE (2004) Multicomponent fortified human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants. 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