{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T06:01:49Z","timestamp":1772690509894,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515542400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is lack of evidence on the differential impact of maternal macronutrient consumption: carbohydrates (CHO), fats and protein on birth weight. We investigated the association between maternal dietary macronutrient intakes and their sub-components such as saccharides and fatty acids and birth weight. This analyses included 1,196 women with singleton pregnancies who were part of the CAffeine and REproductive health study in Leeds, UK between 2003 and 2006. Women were interviewed in each trimester. Dietary information was collected twice using a 24-h dietary recall about 8\u201312 weeks and 13\u201327 weeks of gestation. Multiple linear regression models adjusted for alcohol and smoking in trimester 1, showed that each additional 10 g\/d CHO consumption was associated with an increase of 4 g (95 % CI 1, 7;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7003) in birth weight. Conversely, an additional 10 g\/d fat intake was associated with a lower birth weight of 8 g (95 % CI 0, 16;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b704) when we accounted for energy contributing macronutrients in each model, and maternal height, weight, parity, ethnicity, gestational age at delivery and sex of the baby. There was no evidence of an association between protein intake and birth weight. Maternal diet in trimester 2 suggested that higher intakes of glucose (10 g\/d) and lactose (1 g\/d) were both associated with higher birth weight of 52 g (95 % CI 4, 100;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b703) and 5 g (95 % CI 2, 7;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b7001) respectively. These results show that dietary macronutrient composition during pregnancy is associated with birth weight outcomes. An appropriately balanced intake of dietary CHO and fat during pregnancy could support optimum birth weight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114517003609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T09:07:18Z","timestamp":1515575238000},"page":"330-339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Is dietary macronutrient composition during pregnancy associated with offspring birth weight? An observational study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9465-8978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sukshma S.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darren C.","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigel A. B.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet E.","family":"Cade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.230730"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623156"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.12.1087"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-2276(98)90018-8"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115743"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002580"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602419"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.3.427"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)03818-9","article-title":"Validity of the 24-hour dietary recall","volume":"85","author":"Karvetti","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2007.00104.x"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref69","first-page":"R127","article-title":"A high-fat diet during rat pregnancy or suckling induces cardiovascular dysfunction in adult offspring","volume":"288","author":"Khan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/24.2.389"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref70","first-page":"R1464","article-title":"Maternal obesity is necessary for programming effect of high-fat diet on offspring","volume":"296","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590601005409"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref62","first-page":"135","article-title":"Low birth weight in children born to mothers with hyperthyroidism and high birth weight in hypothyroidism, whereas preterm birth is common in both conditions: a Danish National Hospital Register Study","volume":"2","author":"Andersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2001129"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256s","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.5.1256s","article-title":"Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in pregnancy: normal compared with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"71","author":"Butte","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1446"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5324\/nje.v24i1-2.1805"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-75"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der005"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh J , Mahony R , Byrne J , et al. (2011) The association of maternal and fetal glucose homeostasis with fetal adiposity and birthweight. 159, 338\u2013341.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2011.09.022"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1570029"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref39","unstructured":"Gestation Network (2017) Gestation network-customised growth charts. http:\/\/www.gestation.net\/ (accessed March 2016)."},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.193029"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v56i0.20050"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02549.x"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601771"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.033241"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-8-56"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref40","first-page":"830","article-title":"Perinatal outcome in SGA births defined by customised versus population-based birthweight standards","volume":"108","author":"Clausson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.10.574"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.105072"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509993606"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.15.10.1251"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2003.10.012"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9443-7"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S3-S19"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref73","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Values. A Guide","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00481.x"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-014-0660-9"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/Publichealth.2014.4.211"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-013-2461-4"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(77)90321-0"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-198528030-00003"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref56","first-page":"128","volume-title":"The Pregnant Diabetic and Her Newborn","author":"Pedersen","year":"1961"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.7.1820","article-title":"Dietary composition of pregnant women is related to size of the baby at birth","volume":"134","author":"Moore","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-11-75"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600873"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.4.1104","article-title":"Milk consumption during pregnancy is associated with increased infant size at birth: prospective cohort study","volume":"86","author":"Olsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2003.12.002"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517002136"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62504-0"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600677"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199511000-00005"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1722S","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, alcohol use and adverse pregnancy outcomes: implications for micronutrient supplementation","volume":"133","author":"Cogswell","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(01)00018-9"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2011.00350.x"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1985"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.01.001"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v57i0.20499"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/RD04094"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508939842"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340600572228"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2007.00103.x"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref36","volume-title":"McCance and Widdowson\u2019s The Composition of Foods","author":"Holland","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-016-1931-2"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh282"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e5605"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1337","article-title":"Effect of n\u20133 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of women with low-risk pregnancies on pregnancy outcomes and growth measures at birth: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"83","author":"Szajewska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602745"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-202934"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02150.x"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01308.x"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw010"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12183"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91342-6"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c2331","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c2331","article-title":"Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of fetal growth restriction: a large prospective observational study","volume":"340","author":"Boylan","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao Y , Sun H , Li C , et al. (2017) Effect of iodine nutrition on pregnancy outcomes in an iodine-sufficient area in China. Biol Trace Elem Res (epublication ahead of print version 2 August 2017).","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-1101-4"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.03.018"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.083758"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0174-6"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01292.x"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/146642400312300409"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088496"},{"key":"S0007114517003609_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.205948"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007114517003609","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T03:19:57Z","timestamp":1660274397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007114517003609\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007114517003609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114517003609","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1145","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Authors 2018\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}