{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:29:15Z","timestamp":1788470955343,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]],"date-time":"2018-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523491200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and insufficiency (VDI) are increasing at a global level, and they are associated with increased risk of various diseases. However, little information is available on the prevalence and predictors of VDD and VDI in a representative population of US adults. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) measurements were collected from 26 010 adults aged \u226518 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001\u20132010. Using thresholds recommended by the Endocrine Society, VDD was defined as 25(OH)D&lt;50 nmol\/l and VDI as 50\u226425(OH)D&lt;75 nmol\/l. Weighted multinomial log-binomial regression was conducted to estimate prevalence ratios of VDD and VDI. The prevalences of VDD and VDI in 2001\u20132010 were 28\u00b79 and 41\u00b74 %, respectively. Adults who were black, less educated, poor, obese, current smokers, physically inactive and infrequent milk consumers had a higher prevalence of VDD. After adjustment for other potential predictors, obese adults showed 3\u00b709 times higher prevalence of VDD and 1\u00b780 times higher prevalence of VDI than non-obese adults. Physically inactive adults had 2\u00b700 and 1\u00b736 times higher prevalence of VDD and VDI than active peers. Compared with frequent consumers, rare consumers of milk had 2\u00b744 and 1\u00b725 times higher prevalence of VDD and VDI, respectively. Current alcohol drinkers had 38 % lower prevalence of VDD than non-drinkers. Awareness of the high prevalence of VDD and VDI among US adults and related predictors could inform behavioural and dietary strategies for preventing VDD and monitoring VDI, especially in old, black, obese and inactive individuals who report rare consumption of milk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114518000491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]],"date-time":"2018-04-12T09:07:14Z","timestamp":1523524034000},"page":"928-936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":192,"title":["Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among US adults: prevalence, predictors and clinical implications"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Baylin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip D.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.3.362"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.600"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2704"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01902.x"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.12.033"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000101723.79681.38"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref42","unstructured":"The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014) Physical activity: how much physical activity do adults need? http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/physicalactivity\/everyone\/guidelines\/adults.html (accessed February 2014)."},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref38","first-page":"97","article-title":"The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among US adults: data from the NHANES III","volume":"15","author":"Zadshir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref33","first-page":"6","article-title":"Prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension in Mexican Americans and other Hispanics","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens Res"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref34","first-page":"1","article-title":"A method-bridging study for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D to standardize historical radioimmunoassay data to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"93","author":"Schleicher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Report"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2003.12.029"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2008.08.008"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-013-0013-z"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.690"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00568.x"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.30.2.150"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.11.1174"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HPC.0000000000000122"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SMJ.0000140865.32054.DB"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.12.1340"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.10147"},{"key":"S0007114518000491_ref28","volume-title":"Vitamin D Status: United States, 2001\u20132006. 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