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This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effect of walnut consumption on markers of blood glucose control. A systematic search of Medline, PubMed, CINAHL and Cochrane databases (to 2 March 2019) was conducted. Inclusion criteria were randomised controlled trials conducted with adults which assessed the effect of walnut consumption on fasting blood glucose and insulin, glycated Hb and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to assess the weighted mean differences (WMD) for each outcome. Risk of bias in studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2.0. Sixteen studies providing eighteen effect sizes were included in the review. Consumption of walnuts did not result in significant changes in fasting blood glucose levels (WMD: 0\u00b7331 mg\/dl; 95 % CI \u22120\u00b7817, 1\u00b7479) or other outcome measures. Studies were determined to have either \u2018some concerns\u2019 or be at \u2018high risk\u2019 of bias. There was no evidence of an effect of walnut consumption on markers of blood glucose control. These findings suggest that the known favourable effects of walnut intake on CVD are not mediated via improvements in glycaemic control. Given the high risk of bias observed in the current evidence base, there is a need for further high-quality randomised controlled trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114520001415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T07:32:10Z","timestamp":1587454330000},"page":"641-653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Effect of walnut consumption on markers of blood glucose control: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth P.","family":"Neale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivienne","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2546-6507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda C.","family":"Tapsell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmine C.","family":"Probst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0800800102"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-019-0770-1"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000125","article-title":"Meta-analysis in evidence-based healthcare: a paradigm shift away from random effects is overdue","volume":"15","author":"Furuya-Kanamori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.05.010"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-34"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000141"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.12083"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym087"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.05.009"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref60","volume-title":"25th Cochrane Colloquium","author":"Sterne","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref14","first-page":"329","article-title":"Phytochemical composition of nuts","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800389"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000510"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref42","volume-title":"The Effects of Nuts on Markers of the Metabolic Syndrome","author":"Mukuddem-Petersen","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.314842"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0730-3"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref32","first-page":"e34889","article-title":"The effect of walnut oil consumption on blood sugar in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2","volume":"14","author":"Zibaeenezhad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref3","volume-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.11.005"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-2-3"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.076901"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004660"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051620"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0800800403"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1156"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.172171"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016863"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101097"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2015-000115"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-25"},{"key":"S0007114520001415_ref61","unstructured":"61. 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