{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T20:17:58Z","timestamp":1778703478744,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gallic acid (GA) is widely used as a dietary supplement due to several health-promoting effects, although its effects on intestinal-epithelial-cell integrity and transport remain mostly unknown. The present study aims to clarify the effects of GA on tight junctions and intestinal nutrient uptake through <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> models. Both intestinal porcine enterocyte cell line-J2 cells and porcine middle-jejunum segments were treated with 5 (T5), 25 (T25) and 50 (T50) \u00b5<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> GA and mounted in Ussing chambers to determine transepithelial resistance (TEER), claudin-1 (CLDN1), occludin (OCLN), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) protein (in tissues and cells) and mRNA (in cells) expression. In addition, uptake of <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-glutamate (<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-Glut), <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-arginine (<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-Arg), <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-lysine (<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-Lys) and <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-methionine (<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-Meth) together with cationic-amino-acid transporter-1 (CAT-1) and excitatory-amino-acid transporter-3 (EAAT3) expression was evaluated. No apoptosis was observed in GA-treated cells, but TEER and CLDN1 protein abundance was lower with T50 compared with untreated cells. <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-Arg and <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-Lys uptake was greater with T5 than with T25 and T50. <jats:italic>Ex vivo<\/jats:italic>, T50 decreased the TEER values and the protein levels of CLDN1, OCLN and ZO-1, whereas T5 and T25 only decreased CLDN1 protein expression compared with untreated tissues. Moreover, T25 increased <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-Glut and <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-Arg uptake, the latter confirmed by an increased protein expression of CAT-1. GA influences intestinal uptake of the tested cationic amino acids at low concentrations and decreases the intestinal-cell barrier function at high concentrations. Similarities were observed between <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>, but different treatment times and structures must be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114520004328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T09:46:46Z","timestamp":1604483206000},"page":"492-500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Gallic acid affects intestinal-epithelial-cell integrity and selected amino-acid uptake in porcine <i>in vitro<\/i> and <i>ex vivo<\/i> permeability models"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Tretola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Bee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7541-1961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Silacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994610"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687680010028771"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2211068214561025"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-005-0067-z"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197878"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16104-4_12"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/360467a0"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M009714200"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2819154"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17450390903461584"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200800498"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2006"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.10.022"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.1.230S"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2007.04.003"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-13-134"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512002346"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-018-0126-x"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073120"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-005-1455-x"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.15.070195.000343"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200500132"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079643"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100591"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.01.011"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121063"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119002143"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.11.2384"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00191C"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2014.1864"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.9.e45"},{"key":"S0007114520004328_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/ppa.15.14"}],"container-title":["British 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}