{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:25:12Z","timestamp":1789503912147,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bitter melon (<jats:italic>Momordica charantia<\/jats:italic> L.) has been shown to have various health-promoting activities, including antidiabetic and hypoglycaemic effects. Improvement in insulin sensitivity and increase in glucose utilisation in peripheral tissues have been reported, but the effect on insulin secretion from pancreatic <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-cells remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of bitter melon fruit on insulin secretion from <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-cells and the underlying mechanism. The green fruit of bitter melon was freeze-dried and extracted with methanol. The bitter melon fruit extract (BMFE) was fractionated using ethyl acetate (fraction A), <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-butanol (fraction B) and water (fraction C). Insulin secretory capacity from INS-1 rat insulinoma cell line and rat pancreatic islets, as well as glucose tolerance in rats by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), was measured using BMFE and fractions. ATP production in <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-cells was also examined. BMFE augmented insulin secretion from INS-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The significant augmentation of insulin secretion was independent of the glucose dose. Fraction A (i.e. hydrophobic fraction), but not fractions B and C, augmented insulin secretion significantly at the same level as that by BMFE. This finding was also observed in pancreatic islets. In OGTT, BMFE and fraction A decreased blood glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels after glucose loading. The decrease in blood glucose levels was also observed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In addition, BMFE and fraction A increased the ATP content in <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-cells. We concluded that hydrophobic components of BMFE increase ATP production and augment insulin secretion from <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-cells, consequently decreasing blood glucose levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114521001082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T02:42:18Z","timestamp":1616640138000},"page":"377-383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Bitter melon fruit extract enhances intracellular ATP production and insulin secretion from rat pancreatic <i>\u03b2<\/i>-cells"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Takumi","family":"Shimada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumihiro","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinia Rizqi","family":"Dwijayanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuma","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akito","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Okuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikio","family":"Nishizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6777-7664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eri","family":"Mukai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114521001082_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.47.1.73"},{"key":"S0007114521001082_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31989\/ffhd.v9i1.560"},{"key":"S0007114521001082_ref20","first-page":"1135","article-title":"The 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The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}