{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:06:32Z","timestamp":1793502392840,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The ubiquity of vitamin D metabolising enzymes and vitamin D receptors in mammalian organisms suggests that vitamin D has pleiotropic effects. There are quite a few studies indicating the anticancer, cardioprotective and antidiabetic effects of vitamin D; however, the best-documented actions of vitamin D are the regulation of Ca\u2013phosphate balance and its effect on immune function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Vitamin D levels in organisms are modulated by many environmental and non-environmental factors. One potential factor that may influence vitamin D levels and effects is the sex of the individuals studied. This review focuses on the scientific evidence indicating different synthesis and metabolism of vitamin D in females and males, mainly from PubMed database sources. The article verifies the sex differences in vitamin D levels reported around the world. Moreover, the different effects of vitamin D on the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems, as well as cancer in males and females, were discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Most studies addressing sex differences in vitamin D levels and effects are observational studies with conflicting results. Therefore, carefully designed clinical trials and experiments on animal models should be carried out to determine the role of non-environmental factors that may differentiate vitamin D levels in females and males.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114522000149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T22:26:46Z","timestamp":1642544806000},"page":"2115-2130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Sex differences in vitamin D metabolism, serum levels and 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