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This article reviews existing food-based and clinical strategies to mitigate the anaemia burden and why they are premature and insufficient. In a context where multiple anaemia control programmes are in play, this article proposes a threefold strategy for consideration. First, except the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey, 2016\u20132018, which measured Hb concentration among children and adolescents aged 1\u201319 years using venous blood samples, all national surveys use capillary blood samples to determine Hb levels, which could be erroneous. The Indian government should prioritise conducting a nationwide survey for estimating the burden of anaemia and its clinical determinants for all age groups using venous blood samples. Second, without deciding the appropriate dose of Fe needed for an individual, food fortification programmes that are often compounded with layering of other micronutrients could be harmful and further research on this issue is needed. Same is true for the pharmacological intervention of Fe tablet or syrup supplementation programmes, which is given to individuals without assessing its need. In addition, there is a dire need for robust research to understand both the long-term benefit and side effects of Fe supplementation programmes. Third and final, the WHO is in process of reviewing the Hb threshold for defining anaemia, therefore the introduction of new anaemia control programmes should be restrained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114522000927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T09:25:43Z","timestamp":1649237143000},"page":"416-427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Shooting shadows: India\u2019s struggle to reduce the burden of anaemia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"129","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5249-9937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajesh Kumar","family":"Rai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandhya S.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sourav","family":"Sen Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devraj J.","family":"Parasannanavar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thekkumkara Surendran Nair","family":"Anish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anamitra","family":"Barik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev Kumar","family":"Varshney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemalatha","family":"Rajkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114522000927_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.676S"},{"key":"S0007114522000927_ref74","first-page":"12","article-title":"Soil transmitted Helminth infections and its association with haemoglobin levels in India: a meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Salam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Diagnostic Res"},{"key":"S0007114522000927_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2019.00066"},{"key":"S0007114522000927_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11040098"},{"key":"S0007114522000927_ref81","volume-title":"Guideline: Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping for Improved Maternal and Infant Health and Nutrition Outcomes","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0007114522000927_ref40","volume-title":"The National Health Policy 2017","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0007114522000927_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2019.01.012"},{"key":"S0007114522000927_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.725529"},{"key":"S0007114522000927_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys184"},{"key":"S0007114522000927_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30060-7"},{"key":"S0007114522000927_ref56","unstructured":"56. 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