{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T21:51:53Z","timestamp":1747173113405,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with an omnivorous Western diet, plant-based diets containing mostly fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts and seeds, with restricted amounts of foods of animal origin, are associated with reduced risk and severity of COVID-19. Additionally, inflammatory immune responses and severe acute respiratory symptoms of COVID-19, including pulmonary oedema, shortness of breath, fever and nasopharyngeal infections, are associated with Na toxicity from excessive dietary Na. High dietary Na is also associated with increased risks of diseases and conditions that are co-morbid with COVID-19, including chronic kidney disease, hypertension, stroke, diabetes and obesity. This article presents evidence that low dietary Na potentially mediates the association of plant-based diets with COVID-19 prevention. Processed meats and poultry injected with sodium chloride contribute considerable amounts of dietary Na in the Western diet, and the avoidance or reduction of these and other processed foods in whole-food plant-based (WFPB) diets could help lower overall dietary Na intake. Moreover, high amounts of K in plant-based diets increase urinary Na excretion, and preagricultural diets high in plant-based foods were estimated to contain much lower ratios of dietary Na to K compared with modern diets. Further research should investigate low Na in WFPB diets for protection against COVID-19 and co-morbid conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114522002252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T09:06:29Z","timestamp":1659344789000},"page":"1136-1141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Low dietary sodium potentially mediates COVID-19 prevention associated with whole-food plant-based diets"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"129","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9473-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald B.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2019.12.002"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.664349"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325353"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02292-3"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24734306.2020.1734717"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.179"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref73","first-page":"CD004022","article-title":"Effects of low sodium diet v. high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride","volume":"12","author":"Graudal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520004122"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0568-0"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.141.suppl_1.P352"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071931"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257891"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab063"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006625"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref81","first-page":"321","article-title":"A plant-based diet and stroke","volume":"14","author":"Campbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Geriatr Cardiol: JGC"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011713"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.05.002"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303629"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000574"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082778"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2210007"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.03.005"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827619875411"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2020.00004"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.11122"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref47","first-page":"110","article-title":"Poverty, inequality and COVID-19: the forgotten vulnerable","volume":"183","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public na"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.017963"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06457-y"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau0683"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref31","unstructured":"31. drugs.com (2020) Sodium Chloride Side Effects. Drugs.com. https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/sfx\/sodium-chloride-side-effects.html (accessed January, 2022)."},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1636"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15238"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref21","unstructured":"21. Soloway, RAG (2022) Sodium: Too Much of a Good Thing. The Dangers of Sodium Poisoning. poison.org. https:\/\/www.poison.org\/articles\/sodium-too-much-of-a-good-thing (accessed January, 2022)."},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11128"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.040"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref23","first-page":"739","article-title":"Sodium toxicity in the nutritional epidemiology and nutritional immunology of COVID-19","volume":"57","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2021-000272"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref48","unstructured":"48. health.gov (2022) Social Determinants of Health. Healthy People 2030 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. https:\/\/health.gov\/healthypeople\/priority-areas\/social-determinants-health (accessed January, 2022)."},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094551"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1970.sp009277"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa157"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.665064"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00765-6"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002604"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.03.003"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520003311"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/12-085"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141288"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)66248-0"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7394.855"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11091970"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_181_21","article-title":"Evaluation of nutritional status and health behaviors of patients infected with COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Karimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.017"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.805533"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2014.11.007"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.60.5.1161"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.03.320"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518001496"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-232080"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.12391018"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112712"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref87","first-page":"342","article-title":"A plant-based diet for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"McMacken","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Geriatr Cardiol: JGC"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.033"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref18","unstructured":"18. actiononsalt.org.uk (2020) Salt Content of Vegan and Plant-Based Meals Served in the Out of Home Sector. https:\/\/www.actiononsalt.org.uk\/media\/action-on-salt\/news\/surveys\/2020\/Action-on-Salt-Report---Salt-Content-of-Vegan-&-Plant-Based-Food.pdf (accessed January, 2022)."},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11984"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.649525"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573402116666200615152139"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10020293"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2013.06.004"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref24","unstructured":"24. Begley, S (2020) With Ventilators Running Out, Doctors Say the Machines are Overused for COVID-19. statnews.com. https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2020\/04\/08\/doctors-say-ventilators-overused-for-covid-19\/ (accessed January, 2022)."},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S272802"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S338915"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2017.08.013"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref28","unstructured":"28. WHO (2020) Allergic Rhinitis and Sinusitis. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/respiratory\/other\/Rhinitis_sinusitis\/en\/ (accessed January, 2022)."},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0642-3"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2011.51"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref22","unstructured":"22. hsph.harvard.edu (2020) Salt and Sodium. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/nutritionsource\/salt-and-sodium\/ (accessed January, 2022)."},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420966770"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.6.1732"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30920-X"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000516249"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493020972922"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.215"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref12","unstructured":"12. Conis, E (2009) The Hidden Salt in Chicken. Los Angeles Times. https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2009-jun-22-he-nutrition22-story.html (accessed January, 2022)."},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2020-000077"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5775"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20009666.2019.1634407"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab059"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-020-01996-4"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00407.2020"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060732"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5061840"},{"key":"S0007114522002252_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.10.011"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007114522002252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T13:48:41Z","timestamp":1678715321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007114522002252\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007114522002252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114522002252","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0007-1145"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1475-2662"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}