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The Mendelian randomisation (MR) study strengthens the causal inference by controlling for non-heritable environmental confounders and reverse causation. In this study, a two-sample bidirectional MR analysis was conducted to investigate the causal relationship between serum vitamin D levels and thyroid- and parathyroid-related diseases. Inverse variance weighted, weighted median and MR-Egger methods were performed, the Cochran <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic> test was used to evaluate the heterogeneity and the MR-PRESSO and MR-Egger intercepts were utilised to assess the possibility of pleiotropy. The Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold was 0\u00b70038. At the Bonferroni-corrected significance level, we found that vitamin D levels suggestively decreased the risk of benign parathyroid adenoma (OR = 0\u00b7244; 95 % CI 0\u00b7074, 0\u00b7802; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b70202) in the MR analyses. In the reverse MR study, a genetically predicted risk of thyroid cancer suggestively increased the risk of elevated vitamin D (OR = 1\u00b7007; 95 % CI 1\u00b7010, 1\u00b7013; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b70284), chronic thyroiditis significantly increased the risk of elevated vitamin D (OR = 1\u00b7007; 95 % CI 1\u00b7002, 1\u00b7011; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b70030) and thyroid nodules was significantly decreased the vitamin D levels (OR = 0\u00b7991; 95 % CI 0\u00b7985, 0\u00b7997; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b70034). The findings might be less susceptible to horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0\u00b705). This study from a gene perspective indicated that chronic thyroiditis and thyroid nodules may impact vitamin D levels, but the underlying mechanisms require further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114524001843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T03:45:28Z","timestamp":1727667928000},"page":"701-711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Relationship between serum vitamin D levels and thyroid- and parathyroid-related diseases: a Mendelian randomisation study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7730-1976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lirong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Congting","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinmiao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huiting","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaqin","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2443-1203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092791"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.04.015"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179784"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2735"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01160308"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14389-8"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809944"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173697"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042485"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2016.06.005"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-019-0376-1"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15421-7"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2012.11.015"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007081"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25293"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-066452"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqad137"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.01.040"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.05.031"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4498"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.2863"},{"key":"S0007114524001843_ref30","unstructured":"30. 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