{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T04:39:15Z","timestamp":1793507955142,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several studies have indicated a potential inverse association between caffeine intake from dietary sources \u2013 assessed through dietary questionnaires \u2013 and uric acid (UA) levels. However, to date, no study has examined the relationship between urinary caffeine metabolites, which serve as a reliable biomarker of caffeine intake and UA levels. Our aim was to evaluate the association between caffeine metabolites in urine and serum UA levels. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011\u20132012, involving 1252 individuals aged 20\u201380 years. The study assessed caffeine and fourteen metabolites in spot urine samples, as well as serum UA levels. Hyperuricaemia was defined as UA levels exceeding 7\u00b70 mg\/dl for men and 6\u00b70 mg\/dl for women. In logistic regression analyses, theobromine (OR: 0\u00b799, 95 % CI: 0\u00b7980, 0\u00b7999), 3-methyluric acid (OR: 0\u00b791, 95 % CI: 0\u00b7837, 0\u00b7996), 7-methyluric acid (OR: 0\u00b799, 95 % CI: 0\u00b7989, 0\u00b7998) and 3-methylxanthine (OR: 0\u00b799, 95 % CI: 0\u00b7992, 0\u00b7999) were associated with decreased odds of hyperuricaemia. In linear regression analyses, paraxanthine (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = \u22120\u00b7004, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7006), theobromine (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = \u22120\u00b7004, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =&lt; 0\u00b7001), 7-methyluric acid (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = \u22120\u00b7003, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7003), 3,7-dimethyluric acid (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = \u22120\u00b7029, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7024), 3-methylxanthine (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = \u22120\u00b7001, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7038) and 7-methylxanthine (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = \u22120\u00b7001, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7001) were inversely associated with serum UA levels. In conclusion, our results indicate that several urinary caffeine metabolites are inversely associated with UA levels. These findings should be interpreted with caution due to the small magnitude of the observed associations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114525103619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T10:05:02Z","timestamp":1749463502000},"page":"1487-1496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association between caffeine metabolites in urine and serum uric acid levels: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2011 to 2012"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Larissa S.","family":"Limirio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8989-8344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick P.","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"container-title":["British Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007114525103619","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T13:09:19Z","timestamp":1757423359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007114525103619\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007114525103619"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114525103619","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1145","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}