{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:38:17Z","timestamp":1759451897460,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is stimulated by luminal nutrients after meal ingestion. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) may affect nutrient-induced GLP-1 secretion in humans and rodent models. We previously demonstrated that mixed meal-induced GLP-1 secretion is enhanced in rats with DIO compared with normal rats. However, it is unclear to which nutrient the GLP-1 secretion is adaptively enhanced or reduced during the development of DIO. The present study investigated the effect of obesity on the GLP-1 secretion to individual nutrients and further on GLP-1 secretory functions of the proximal and distal small intestine in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a control diet or a high-fat diet with sucrose solution (HFS) for 4\u20135 weeks. GLP-1 responses to a single oral administration of a liquid diet, dextrin, soyabean oil or whey protein were examined after 4 weeks of dietary intervention. In addition, a liquid diet was administered to the proximal or distal small intestine of anaesthetised rats (control or HFS), and GLP-1 levels in the portal vein plasma were measured. In HFS-fed rats, GLP-1 secretion to dextrin, soyabean oil and whey protein slightly increased compared with those in normal rats. Furthermore, the GLP-1 response to liquid diet administration into the lumen was greater in the distal, but not proximal, small intestine of HFS-fed rats than that in control rats. In rats with DIO, GLP-1 secretion increased, regardless of the type of nutrient. Furthermore, the distal small intestine is responsible for adaptive enhancement of the GLP-1 secretion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114525104066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T08:41:57Z","timestamp":1753692117000},"page":"186-194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glucagon-like peptide-1 responses to carbohydrate, fat and protein in rats during the development of diet-induced obesity and the role of the distal small intestine"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Anri","family":"Sano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokkaido University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satomi","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokkaido University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kurumi","family":"Yanagihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokkaido University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuko","family":"Sakihama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokkaido University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0354-1617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tohru","family":"Hira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokkaido University"},{"name":"Hokkaido University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"container-title":["British Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007114525104066","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T09:33:05Z","timestamp":1759397585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007114525104066\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007114525104066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114525104066","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0007-1145"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1475-2662"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}