{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T07:40:02Z","timestamp":1792568402759,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/tdm\/tdmrep-policy.json"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Intra-household energy and nutrient inequity occur when food is distributed differentially, leaving some members without adequate nutrition. If unaddressed, this can reduce the effectiveness of food based nutrition interventions. This study assessed energy and micronutrient intake inequities among urban Ethiopian households before and after wheat flour and edible oil fortification. Using 24-h dietary recall data from the 2013 Ethiopian Household Food Consumption Survey, we analysed 375 households with adult men and women. The Ethiopian mandatory fortification standard for wheat flour and edible oil was considered in the simulation. Usual intake estimates and fortification modelling were performed using the Simulating Intake of Micronutrients for Policy Learning and Engagement macro 1-day method. Inequity ratios were calculated by comparing energy and nutrient intakes with dietary requirements for each group. Prefortification, the median nutrient consumption was generally higher among men, except for vitamin A. Fortification of wheat flour with Zn and vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    , along with vitamin A-fortified vegetable oil, led to a 26\u201374 percentage point reduction in nutrient inadequacy among all participants. Men could benefit more from Zn and vitamin A fortification, whereas women could benefit more from vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    fortification. Inequity estimates before and after fortification ranged from 1 to 1\u00b75, favouring men. Although intra-household food allocation was not directly assessed, observed differences in nutrient intake between men and women suggest gender-related disparities that should be considered in nutrition interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114526107296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:33:54Z","timestamp":1777455234000},"page":"607-612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inequity on energy and nutrient consumption among urban residents of Ethiopia may impact the effectiveness of large-scale food fortification"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Semira Mitiku","family":"Saje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038b8e254","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Addis Ababa University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Ander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus"},{"name":"Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4673-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine L.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6067-4432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawd","family":"Gashu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038b8e254","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Addis Ababa University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00nnq2331","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref37","volume-title":"Vitamin B1 Thiamine Deficiency. 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A Report of the Expert Group of the Indian Council of Medical Research. https:\/\/catalog.nlm.nih.gov\/discovery\/fulldisplay?docid=alma9915910203406676&context=L&vid=01NLM_INST:01NLM_INST&lang=en&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=creator,equals,National%20Institute%20of%20Nutrition%20(India),AND&mode=advanced&offset=20 (accessed July 2025)."},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref33","first-page":"265","article-title":"Food-based dietary guidelines for optimizing calcium intakes for reproductive-aged women in Ethiopia using local foods","volume":"1540","author":"Davies-Kershaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz096"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-1575(88)90031-2"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-017-0603-1"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2018.10.006"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-017-0063-0"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.2.601S"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref18","unstructured":"18. Ethiopian Public Health Institute (1998) Ethiopian Food Composition Table. Part III."},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020285"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2021.62"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-10170"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.117.016980"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref21","volume-title":"USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24","author":"Haytowitz","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-024-00985-0"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref14","unstructured":"14. NI (2022) The Ethiopian Standard Council Endorsed the Mandatory Fortification of Edible Oil and Wheat Flour, A Decision that will Save Millions of Lives and Prevent the Country\u2019s High Burden of Neutral Tube Defects (NTDs). https:\/\/www.nutritionintl.org\/news\/all-news\/government-endorses-mandatory-food-fortification-prevent-high-burden-neural-tube-defects-ethiopia\/ (accessed February 2025)."},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132206"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153369"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref27","unstructured":"27. Ethiopian Standards Agency (2022) Fortified Wheat Flour-Specification. Compulsory Ethiopian Standard. CES 309."},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz070"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/gheg.2016.1"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265120333S204"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-6047.2001.0100s1S19.x"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.4.1055"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2024.103794"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898000900562X"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13919"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref15","unstructured":"15. Ethiopian Public Health Institute (2013) Ethiopian National Food Consumption Survey. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. https:\/\/www.ephi.gov.et\/images\/pictures\/National%20Food%20Consumption%20Survey%20Report_Ethiopia.pdf (accessed February 2025)."},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601853"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2006.09.003"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081767"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref19","unstructured":"19. Ethiopian Public Health Institute (1998) Ethiopian Food Composition Table. Part IV."},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29962-6"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref26","unstructured":"26. Ethiopian Standards Agency (2022) Fortified Edible Oils -with Vitamin A and D \u2014 Specification. Compulsory Ethiopian Standard. CES 310."},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005671"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa114"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2004.09.008"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajae\/aar038"},{"key":"S0007114526107296_ref29","unstructured":"29. FAO\/WHO\/UNU (2004) Human Energy Requirements. Report of a Joint FAO\/WHO\/UNU Expert Consultation. Rome. Food Nutrition Technical Report Series. https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/y5686e\/y5686e00.pdf (accessed August 2025)."}],"container-title":["British Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007114526107296","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007114526107296","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T06:56:56Z","timestamp":1792565816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007114526107296\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007114526107296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114526107296","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1145","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}