{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:09:41Z","timestamp":1790327381515,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Time-restricted eating (TRE) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) are promising strategies for improving cardiometabolic health in women with overweight or obesity, but whether they interact synergistically remains unclear. We evaluated their independent and combined effects on cardiometabolic outcomes. This prespecified secondary analysis of a 2 \u00d7 2 factorial randomised controlled trial assigned 131 women with overweight or obesity (median BMI 30\u00b77 kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ; age 18\u201345 years) to TRE, HIIT, TRE + HIIT or control for 7 weeks. TRE limited daily intake to a \u226410-hour eating window; HIIT comprised three supervised treadmill sessions weekly. The primary analysis followed the intention-to-treat principle after multiple imputation; linear mixed-effects models estimated TRE and HIIT main effects and their interaction, with Holm\u2013Bonferroni-adjusted interaction\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -values; per-protocol sensitivity analyses excluded dropouts. No significant TRE \u00d7 HIIT interaction was detected. In intention-to-treat main-effect analyses, TRE reduced body weight (\u20133\u00b736 kg,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0\u00b7008), fat mass (\u20131\u00b753 kg,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0\u00b7025) and visceral fat area (\u201312\u00b782 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0\u00b7001), but also reduced muscle mass (\u20130\u00b780 kg,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0\u00b7020) and modestly lowered HDL-C. HIIT main effects were minimal in the intention-to-treat analysis, while per-protocol sensitivity analyses suggested reductions in BMI, fat mass, total cholesterol, LDL-C and HbA1c, although these findings are more susceptible to attrition bias. Within the constraints of limited power and short duration, no interaction between TRE and HIIT was detected. TRE-related adiposity benefits should therefore be weighed against concurrent reductions in muscle mass and changes in lipid profiles. Larger, adequately powered, longer-term trials are needed to confirm these findings and clarify their clinical relevance.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Trial registration: NCT04019860.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114526108484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:31:45Z","timestamp":1790325105000},"page":"1-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interaction between time-restricted eating and high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic outcomes in women with overweight or obesity: a 2 \u00d7 2 factorial randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1017","author":[{"given":"Tran Quang","family":"Duc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HUTECH University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7937-8695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khanh","family":"Nguyen Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01j85cs18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Dong Nai Technology University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01j85cs18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Dong Nai Technology University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pham Nguyen","family":"Quy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Miniren Central Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.884305"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22065"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.12.004"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002738"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.181743"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041126"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1020887"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002488"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.014506"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref1","unstructured":"1. World Health Organization (2025) Obesity and overweight. Geneva: World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180304570"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-1044-0"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-40482-x"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126431"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2024-001071"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0771-2"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz126"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00156-6"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M23-0052"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100262"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23620"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.4153"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.06.004"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104870"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.04.010"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.640621"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.06.019"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040985"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.09.003"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-025-01519-2"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-025-01001-3"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30084-1"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref5","first-page":"11","article-title":"Perceived barriers to weight loss programs for overweight or obese women","volume":"3","author":"Sharifi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Promot Perspect"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.08.033"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-3-26"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref2","first-page":"863","article-title":"2026 Dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"20","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2026","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/56.2.320"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22518"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.10.010"},{"key":"S0007114526108484_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2114833"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007114526108484","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:31:47Z","timestamp":1790325107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007114526108484\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S0007114526108484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114526108484","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1145","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}