{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:44:44Z","timestamp":1791495884217,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]],"date-time":"2011-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1297728000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bull. Entomol. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Walnut Husk Fly, <jats:italic>Rhagoletis completa<\/jats:italic> Cresson (Diptera: Tephritidae), is native to North America (Midwestern US and north-eastern Mexico) and has invaded several European countries in the past decades by likely crossing the alpine divide separating most parts of Switzerland from Italy. Here, we determined its current distribution in Switzerland by sampling walnuts (<jats:italic>Juglans regia<\/jats:italic> L.) in ecologically and climatically distinct regions along potential invasion corridors. <jats:italic>R. completa<\/jats:italic> was found to be firmly established in most low altitude areas of Switzerland where walnuts thrive, but notably not a single parasitoid was recovered from any of the samples. Infested fruit was recovered in 42 of the 71 localities that were surveyed, with mean fruit infestation rate varying greatly among sites. The incidence of <jats:italic>R. completa<\/jats:italic> in Switzerland is closely related to meteorological mean spring temperature patterns influencing growing season length, but not to winter temperatures, reflecting survival potential during hibernation. Importantly, areas in which the fly is absent correspond with localities where the mean spring temperatures fall below 7\u00b0C. Historical data records show that the natural cold barrier around the Alpine divide in the central Swiss Alps corresponding to such minimal temperatures has shrunk significantly from a width of more than 40 km before 1990 to around 20 km after 2000. We hypothesize on possible invasion\/expansion routes along alpine valleys, dwell on distribution patterns in relation to climate, and outline future research needs as the incursion of <jats:italic>R. completa<\/jats:italic> into Switzerland; and, more recently, other European countries, such as Germany, Austria, France and Slovenia, represent an example of alien species that settle first in the Mediterranean Basin and from there become invasive by crossing the Alps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007485311000010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]],"date-time":"2011-02-15T14:17:56Z","timestamp":1297779476000},"page":"451-465","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Is the alpine divide becoming more permeable to biological invasions? \u2013 Insights on the invasion and establishment of the Walnut Husk Fly, <i>Rhagoletis completa<\/i> (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Switzerland"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Aluja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Guill\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Rull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"H\u00f6hn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Graf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Samietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/87.3.747"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref67","first-page":"455","article-title":"Consequences of microclimate variation on insect pollinator visitation in two species of Chaetanthera (Asteraceae) in the central Chilean Andes","volume":"80","author":"Torrez-Diaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-007-9138-5"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/86.6.1766"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-004-1663-x"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-005-6886-z"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511546013"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1118"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35037578"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref41","unstructured":"Merz B. (1991) Rhagoletis completa Cresson und Rhagoletis indifferens Curran zwei wirtschaftlich bedeutende nordamerikanische Fr\u00fcchtfliegen, neu f\u00fcr Europa (Diptera: Tephritidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 64, 55\u201357."},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2000)010[0689:BICEGC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref29","first-page":"42","author":"Hislop","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent128377-3"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref8","first-page":"431","article-title":"The taxonomy, cytology, and evolution of the genus Rhagoletis in North America (Diptera: Tephritidae)","volume":"134","author":"Bush","year":"1966","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845934842.0171"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref45","first-page":"425","volume-title":"Invasive Species in a Changing World","author":"Mooney","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9680-8_2"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref38","unstructured":"Lethmayer C. (2008) First evidence of the walnut husk fly (Rhagoletis completa) in Austria. In International Conference on Integrated Fruit Production, Abstracts, 86. IOBC wprs. Avignon, France."},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.50.071803.130428"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0046-225X-29.5.994"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref19","first-page":"203","article-title":"Sulla comparsa in Italia di un Tefritide neartico del noce Rhagoletis completa Cresson (Diptera: Tephritidae)","volume":"23","author":"Duso","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bolletino da Zoologia Agraria Bachicoltura"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref51","unstructured":"Opp S. & Zerme\u00f1o J. (2001) Timing and susceptibility of walnut cultivars to walnut husk fly attack \u2013 episode 2. pp. 293\u2013295 in Walnut Research Reports 2000. Sacramento, CA, Walnut Marketing Board."},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref50","unstructured":"Olhendorf B. (2000) Walnut husk fly: Integrated Pest Management in the home garden. Pest Notes, Publication 7430. Davis, CA, University of California."},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2002.01488.x"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-008-9318-y"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref23","unstructured":"EPPO (2008) Premier signalement de Rhagoletis completa en France. Reporting Service 2008 of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, no. 12."},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref12","first-page":"52","article-title":"Widespread occurrence of walnut fly (Rhagoletis completa Cresson) in northern Italy","volume":"48","author":"Ciampolini","year":"1992","journal-title":"Informatore Agrario"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref37","first-page":"739","article-title":"Larval parasitism of Rhagoletis completa (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Juglans microcarpa (Juglandaceae) in western Texas and southeastern New Mexico","volume":"89","author":"Legner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00379271.2006.10700628"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.1998.00190.x"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref14","first-page":"157","author":"Coates","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1984.tb00361.x"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref31","first-page":"142","article-title":"Adult flight dynamics of walnut husk fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Willamette Valley of Oregon","volume":"71","author":"Kasana","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pan-Pacific Entomologist"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref48","unstructured":"Norrbom A. L. (2004) Host plant database for Anastrepha and Toxotrypana (Diptera: Tephritidae: Toxotrypanini). Diptera Data Dissemination Disk (CD-ROM vol. 2)."},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref42","first-page":"57","article-title":"Remarkable records of fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) from Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany)","volume":"4","author":"Merz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dipteron"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref16","first-page":"401","article-title":"A revision of the North American species of fruit flies of the genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Trypetidae)","volume":"55","author":"Cresson","year":"1929","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Entomological Society"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref40","first-page":"177","article-title":"Zum Auftreten der beiden amerikanischen Fr\u00fcchtfliegenarten Rhagoletis completa Cresson und Rhagoletis indifferens Curran in der Schweiz (Diptera: Tephritidae)","volume":"67","author":"Mani","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Die Beobachtungsnetze der Schweizerischen Meteorologischen Anstalt","volume":"93","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arbeitsberichte der Schweizerischen Meteorologischen Anstalt"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref24","first-page":"265","volume-title":"Quarantine Pests for Europe","author":"Smith","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.53.103106.093350"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref56","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior","author":"Prokopy","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2000)050[0053:EAECON]2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.12.3.721"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref22","unstructured":"EPPO (2004) Ocurrence of Rhagoletis completa in Germany. Reporting Service 2004 of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, no. 09."},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref62","first-page":"12","article-title":"Orehova muha (Rhagoletis completa Cresson) \u2013 nov nevaren skodljivec orehov v Sloveniji","volume":"10","author":"Seljak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Revija za Sadjarstvo Vinogradnistvo in Vinarstvo"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref33","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Invasive Alien Species in Switzerland. An Inventory of Alien Species and Their Threat to Biodiversity and Economy in Switzerland","volume":"29","author":"Kenis","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurrag\/29.3.329"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1653\/0015-4040(2007)90[626:AAHFEA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3733\/hilg.v08n11p363"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref17","first-page":"149","article-title":"A new species of pest fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) from Sri Lanka and Africa","volume":"3","author":"Drew","year":"2005","journal-title":"African Entomologist"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2009.06.003"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref68","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 77th Annual Western Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference","author":"Van Steenwyk","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/82.4.1191"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00167743"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0307-6946.2004.00638.x"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1939346"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.1981.tb04509.x"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2006.00615.x"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01346"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-006-0482-4"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref63","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior","author":"Smith","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-006-9064-y"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4039\/n06-061"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref15","unstructured":"Coates W. W. & Van Steenwyk R. A. (2002) Evaluation of Kaolin (Surround) for walnut husk fly (Rhagoletis completa) control in English walnuts. Walnut Research Reports. Available online at http:\/\/walnutresearch.ucdavis.edu\/2002\/2002_375.pdf (accessed 3 June 2010)."},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref3","unstructured":"Aschwanden A. , Beck M. , H\u00e4berli C. , Haller G. , Kiene M. , Roesch A. , Sie R. & Stutz M. (1996) Die Ergebnisse des Projekts KLIMA90, Grafiken. Schweizerische Meteorologische Anstalt (MeteoSchweiz), Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref36","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Proceedings of Plant Protection and Plant Health in Europe: Introduction and Spread of Invasive Species","author":"Lampe","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref6","first-page":"24","article-title":"La fili\u00e8re noix du Sud-Est fait face \u00e0 la mouche du brou","volume":"636","author":"Bouvet","year":"2009","journal-title":"L'Arboriculture"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(98)01554-7"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BER2004287"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref28","first-page":"73","article-title":"Descripci\u00f3n de una nueva especie Mexicana del g\u00e9nero Rhagoletis Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae)","volume":"64","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ort\u00edz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Folia Entomologica Mexicana"},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref65","unstructured":"Swiss Federal Council (2001) Verordnung \u00fcber Pflanzenschutz (Pflanzenschutzverordnung, PSV). German version of 28 February 2001 (status as of 15 November 2009). Compilation of Swiss Federal Legislation SR 916.20, Bern."},{"key":"S0007485311000010_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2007.03263.x"}],"container-title":["Bulletin of Entomological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007485311000010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,27]],"date-time":"2019-04-27T07:26:19Z","timestamp":1556349979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007485311000010\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007485311000010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007485311000010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-4853","1475-2670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-4853","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]]}}}