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We conducted ant-exclusion experiments in order to determine the impact of ants on the infestation levels and parasitism of three of the most important citrus pests of western Mediterranean citrus: the honeydew producer <jats:italic>Aleurothrixus floccosus<\/jats:italic> Maskell (woolly whitefly) and the non-honeydew producers <jats:italic>Aonidiella aurantii<\/jats:italic> Maskell (California red scale; CRS) and <jats:italic>Phyllocnistis citrella<\/jats:italic> (Staiton) (citrus leafminer). The study was conducted in three commercial citrus orchards, each one dominated by one ant species (<jats:italic>Pheidole pallidula, Lasius grandis<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Linepithema humile<\/jats:italic>) during two consecutive growing seasons (2011 and 2012). We registered a significant reduction of the CRS densities on fruits in the ant-excluded treatment in the three orchards and in the two seasons, ranging from as high as 41% to as low as 21%. Similarly, the percentage of shoots occupied by <jats:italic>A. floccosus<\/jats:italic> was significantly lower in the ant-excluded plots in the orchards dominated by <jats:italic>P. pallidula<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L. humile<\/jats:italic>. No significant differences were registered in the percentage of leaf surface loss caused by <jats:italic>P. citrella<\/jats:italic> between ant-allowed and ant-excluded treatments in any case. We found no significant differences in the percent parasitism between ant-allowed and ant-excluded treatments for honeydew and non-honeydew producing herbivores. These results suggest that: (i) ant management should be considered in order to reduce herbivore populations in citrus and (ii) mechanisms other than parasitism (e.g., predation) might explain the differences in herbivore infestation levels between treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007485313000564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]],"date-time":"2013-11-13T10:44:17Z","timestamp":1384339457000},"page":"405-417","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Ants affect the infestation levels but not the parasitism of honeydew and non-honeydew producing pests in citrus"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Calabuig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Garcia-Mar\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Pekas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007485313000564_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/80.1.208"},{"key":"S0007485313000564_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1966.tb03364.x"},{"key":"S0007485313000564_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2404989"},{"key":"S0007485313000564_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00325261"},{"key":"S0007485313000564_ref68","volume-title":"Statistical Graphics System, Version 5.1 Plus","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0007485313000564_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/04-0016"},{"key":"S0007485313000564_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02390931"},{"key":"S0007485313000564_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/EN10093"},{"key":"S0007485313000564_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/38.6.711"},{"key":"S0007485313000564_ref2","unstructured":"Alvis-D\u00e1vila L. 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