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This study determined functional independence among young adults with spina bifida and its relationships with pathological characteristics known from birth (hydrocephalus and level of lesion). Data were collected from medical records and by physical examination. Functional independence was assessed on six domains (self\u2010care, sphincter control, transfers, locomotion, communication, and social cognition) using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Participants were 165 patients with spina bifida (69 males, 96 females; age range 16 to 25y, mean 20y 9mo [SD 2.9]; 117 with hydrocephalus). Patients without hydrocephalus were independent for all FIM domains except sphincter control, as were patients with hydrocephalus with a lesion level below L2. Most patients with hydrocephalus and a lesion at L2 or above were dependent as regards sphincter control (98%), locomotion (79%), and self\u2010care (54%), and quite a few needed support in transfers (38%), social cognition (29%), and communication (15%).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0012162206000259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,17]],"date-time":"2006-01-17T16:32:35Z","timestamp":1137515555000},"page":"114-119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Functional independence among young adults with spina bifida, in relation to hydrocephalus and level of lesion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Marjolein","family":"Verhoef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans A","family":"Barf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel WM","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floris W A","family":"van Asbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob HJM","family":"Gooskens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arie J H","family":"Prevo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/096382800296656"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280410001672490"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00896.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1990.tb08430.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000056005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00479.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"326","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in spinal cord injury patients: sensitivity of the functional independence measure subscales vs neuropsychologic assessment","volume":"71","author":"Davidoff GN.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90131-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(97)90306-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(94)90385-9","article-title":"Prediction of rehablitation outcomes with disability measures","volume":"75","author":"Heinemann AW.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197355010-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1072302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1996.tb12098.x","article-title":"School\u2010aged children with spina bifida in Western Australia \u2010 parental perspectives on functional outcome","volume":"38","author":"Kalucy M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100341"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(94)90384-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100432"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289403300708"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.34599"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Functional aspects of spina bifida in childhood","author":"Schoenmakers M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"199","article-title":"Myelodysplasia: problems of long\u2010term survival and social functioning","volume":"122","author":"Shurtleff DB.","year":"1975","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Southwest Oncology Group Statistical Centre.(2002)Binomial Confidence Interval.http:\/\/www.swogstat.org\/stat\/public\/binomialo_conf.htm(accessed 27 October 2005)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"1268","article-title":"Toekomstperspectieven voor kinderen met spina bifida aperta. 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