{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:24:07Z","timestamp":1762176247707},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,31]],"date-time":"2008-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217462400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4321,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Biosoc. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It has long been known that mild mental retardation (meaning that associated with an IQ in the 50\u201369 range) shows a strong tendency to run in families and that there is a much increased recurrence risk if either a parent or a sib has mental retardation. For example, Reed &amp; Reed (1965) found that, having had one retarded child, the chance of a further retarded child was 6% if both parents and their sibs were \u2018normal\u2019, 13% if both parents were normal but one had a retarded sib, 20% if one parent was retarded, and 42% if both were retarded. A somewhat similar gradient was found in the more recent study by Bundey, Thake &amp; Todd (1989). The appreciation that mild mental retardation was so strongly familial had led Lewis (1933) some years earlier to refer to it as \u2019subcultural\u2018 (meaning that it was a normal variation), in order to differentiate it from severe mental retardation, which was viewed as \u2018pathological\u2019. Penrose (1938, 1963) made the same classificatory distinction and the utility of a two-group approach became generally accepted (Burack, 1990).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0021932000022562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,31]],"date-time":"2008-07-31T11:49:57Z","timestamp":1217504997000},"page":"509-526","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Genetic influences on mild mental retardation: concepts, findings and research implications"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Rutter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Simonoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Plomin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0021932000022562_ref105","volume-title":"Understanding Mental Retardation","author":"Zigler","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0021932000022562_ref104","first-page":"536","article-title":"Developmental versus difference theories of mental retardation and the problem of motivation","volume":"73","author":"Zigler","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. 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