{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:14:53Z","timestamp":1791929693406,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,28]],"date-time":"2009-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233100800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Biosoc. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The union of individuals with a common ancestor may lead to serious health consequences in their offspring. Consanguinity is high in Middle Eastern communities; it was around 26% in 1988. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of consanguinity in Beirut and other Lebanese regions, and its associated factors in different subgroups. The cross-sectional study was performed on a convenience sample of married women in Lebanon. The women were administered a standardized questionnaire in a face-to-face interview by independent enquirers. Among 1556 women, the overall prevalence of consanguineous marriages was 35\u00b75%, and the consanguinity coefficient was 0\u00b7020; 968 marriages (62\u00b72%) were not consanguineous, 492 (31\u00b76%) were first cousin, 61 (3\u00b79%) were second cousin and 36 (2\u00b73%) had lower degrees of consanguinity. Beirut suburb dwelling, low education subgroups, women working in the home and non-Christian religion presented the highest rates of consanguinity (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b705). Consanguinity is associated with couples' nulliparity and child chronic morbidity. Factors that could affect consanguinity are having consanguineous parents, having a favourable opinion towards consanguinity, choosing a spouse for religious reasons, particularly in Islam, woman having a low education, woman working in the home and women thinking that consanguinity would not lead to serious diseases. Consanguinity is therefore still a prevailing problem in Lebanon. Specific health education, and genetic counselling in particular, are suggested to explain the consequences of consanguinity to the general population and to help couples make informed choices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0021932009003290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,28]],"date-time":"2009-01-28T11:05:59Z","timestamp":1233140759000},"page":"505-517","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["CONSANGUINITY IN LEBANON: PREVALENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND DETERMINANTS"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"BERNADETTE","family":"BARBOUR","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PASCALE","family":"SALAMEH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref17","first-page":"1035","article-title":"Consanguineous marriage among rural Arabs in Israel","volume":"20","author":"Freundlich","year":"1984","journal-title":"Israel Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/030144600282208","article-title":"A study of consanguinity in the Sultanate of Oman","volume":"27","author":"Rajab","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of Human Biology"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref27","first-page":"6","article-title":"Decreased fecundability in Hutterite couples sharing HLA-DR","volume":"50","author":"Ober","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320430502"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref24","first-page":"138","article-title":"Religious endogamy and consanguinity in marriage patterns in Beirut, Lebanon","volume":"33","author":"Khlat","year":"1984","journal-title":"Social Biology"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932003000014"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302198"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0004.2000.580203.x"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932099004496"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.20.1.58"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003480097006039"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460110075657"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269889700003094"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref23","first-page":"188","article-title":"Consanguineous marriage and reproduction in Beirut, Lebanon","volume":"43","author":"Khlat","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018727005707"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref14","volume-title":"Consanguinity, Consanguinity, and Genetic Drift in Italy","author":"Cavalli-Sforza","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137601"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1783\/147118904322701992"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref7","first-page":"627","article-title":"Ethical considerations in the prevention and management of genetic disorders with special emphasis on religious considerations","volume":"23","author":"Albar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Saudi Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1997.tb02447.x"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460110100928"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref3","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Medical Genetics in the Setting of Middle Eastern Populations","author":"Al Arrayed","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932000021921"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref5","first-page":"75","article-title":"Consanguineous unions in the Iraqi urban population and the effect on pregnancy outcome and infant mortality","volume":"34","author":"Al-Hamamy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Iraqi Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref10","unstructured":"Bittles A. H. (2001) A Background Summary of Consanguineous Marriage. URL: www.consang.net."},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref15","volume-title":"The National Study for Households Living Conditions in 2004","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.32.8.623"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-007-0660-5"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014593404915"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932097004914"},{"key":"S0021932009003290_ref26","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Health issues in the Arab American community. 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