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A persistent question in welfare studies is the 19<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> century\u2019s 2<jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup> and 3<jats:sup>rd<\/jats:sup> quarter\u2019s stature diminution, a pattern known as the antebellum paradox. However, the question may not be well stated nor experienced equally by women and non-white male samples. The late 19<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> century\u2019s political Granger, Greenback, and Populist movements may have affected farmer and non-farmer\u2019s net nutrition. Despite 19<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> and early 20<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> century US political movements, farmers had greater BMIs, taller statures, and heavier weights than non-farmers. From the 1870s through 1890s, women\u2019s body mass, height, and weight increased relative to men. Individuals of African or mixed European-African descent had heavier weights and greater BMIs than their taller, European-white counterparts, indicating that the traditional antebellum paradox needs to include women and non-European males and weight measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0021932025100382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T12:00:36Z","timestamp":1755259236000},"page":"460-485","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A post bellum paradox: net nutrition variation by socioeconomic status, gender and race using 19<sup>th<\/sup> and 20<sup>th<\/sup> century US prison records"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1512-065X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott Alan","family":"Carson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas"},{"name":"University of Munich and CESifo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0021932025100382_ref34","unstructured":"Fogel, RW , Engerman, SL , Floud, R , Steckel, RH , Trussell, J , Wachter, K and Villaflor, G (1979) The economic and demographic significance of secular changes in human stature The US 1750\u20131960. 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