{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:25:28Z","timestamp":1792844728188,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Biosoc. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Over the past decade, Bangladesh has experienced substantial demographic change alongside increasing climate-related disruption. This study examines the links between extreme climatic events and fertility among married Bangladeshi women of childbearing age who already have children, focusing on how cyclones and floods relate to fertility behaviour in cyclone- and flood-prone villages. A mixed-methods design was used, drawing on 544 household surveys, 74 in-depth interviews with women, 10 focus group discussions with men, and 8 key informant interviews. Comparing two ecologically distinct sites allowed examination of how communities experience and respond to different hazards. The findings indicate divergent fertility patterns by hazard type. In the cyclone-prone site, physical destruction, displacement, and disrupted health-care access were associated with lower fertility. In the flood-prone site, recurrent inundation, reliance on children\u2019s labour, and constrained contraceptive access were associated with higher fertility. Socio-demographic factors, including education, age at marriage, and contraceptive access, were also strongly associated with fertility behaviour. Households in the cyclone-prone area showed greater livelihood vulnerability and lower fertility, whereas those in the flood-prone area showed higher fertility alongside elevated child mortality and a marked preference for sons, who were perceived as better able to assist in disaster recovery. These results suggest that extreme climatic events are associated with differentiated fertility responses, shaped by socio-demographic context, and point to the value of integrating reproductive health services into disaster risk reduction. The study highlights the intersection of climate change, socio-demographic factors, and reproductive health and offers evidence on how hazard-type conditions fertility responses, with implications for climate adaptation and population health policy in climate-vulnerable regions such as Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0021932026100662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:55:11Z","timestamp":1789379711000},"page":"354-392","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Divergent fertility responses to cyclones and floods: a mixed-methods study from rural Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4409-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khandaker Jafor","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Smithsonian\u2019s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianne","family":"Rudd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00324728.2021.1988684"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-025-00494-7"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref115","unstructured":"Roser, M (2019) Fertility rate. Available at https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/fertility-rate."},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2016.00164.x"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0434-y"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-4883"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3222"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wcc.2021.047"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-015-1592-y"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref70","volume-title":"People on the Move in a Changing Climate","author":"Hugo","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-021-00377-7"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441690600661168"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/environ-2018-0020"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12546-023-09324-9"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-11-15"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref91","first-page":"2","article-title":"Drinking water salinity associated health crisis in coastal Bangladesh","volume":"6","author":"Nahian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-025-00499-2"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0039-3665.2004.00028.x"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref54","unstructured":"Government of Bangladesh (2012) Bangladesh Population Policy 2012. Dhaka: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at https:\/\/bangladesh.gov.bd\/sites\/default\/files\/files\/bangladesh.gov.bd\/policy\/98896a22_df81_4a82_b70c_24125dec56d7\/Bangladesh-Population-Policy-2012.pdf."},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-020-00814-1"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12546-016-9174-z"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1553\/populationyearbook2015s1"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105353"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-014-0362-1"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2019.02.003"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-010-0103-3"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-017-0271-5"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318074c5f8"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1973284"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/prv.2019.0007"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108715"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2002.0013"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/padr.170"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-02640-2"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095460","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2023.1095460","article-title":"The impact of extreme weather events on fertility preference and gender preference in Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"Haq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Environmental Science"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002","article-title":"The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection","volume":"30","author":"Sherbourne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2012.11.002"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2008.12.002"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref112","volume-title":"Disasters, Gender and Access to Healthcare: Women in Coastal Bangladesh","author":"Rezwana","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref25","first-page":"241","article-title":"Trends in fertility and their implications for government policies","volume":"46","author":"Bongaarts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-014-0895-4"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.8.2321"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40980-024-00131-1"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-017-0281-3"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-017-0279-x"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00324728.2024.2382152"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41685-022-00252-9"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0032472031000142096"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325369"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2133319"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1972559"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10680-010-9206-x"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2024.101889"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244017709862"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/padr.12197"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932000013237"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03950"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs8080068"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v9.32408"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref23","first-page":"260","article-title":"Fertility and reproductive preferences in post-transitional societies","volume":"27","author":"Bongaarts","year":"2001","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.10.011"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab0843"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932000006623"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-019-0312-3"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44229-022-00025-8"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-021-00379-5"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932014000017"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crm.2021.100273"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-025-00501-x"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-024-00468-1"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3318"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1972766"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115441"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-018-0690-7"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref37","first-page":"1","article-title":"The link between climate change, food security and fertility: The case of Bangladesh","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-014-0207-2"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-005-1874-9"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019365"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-014-0314-9"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2648112"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref133","first-page":"436","volume-title":"Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications","author":"Zeifman","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-015-0431-7"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-025-00505-7"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-008-0219-2"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-025-00492-9"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.697945"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046333"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2013.00557.x"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref72","unstructured":"ICF (2020) Demographic and Health Survey Interviewer\u2019s Manual (DHS-8). ICF, Rockville, MD. Available at https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/publications\/publication-dhsm1-dhs-questionnaires-and-manuals.cfm."},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref49","first-page":"86","article-title":"Regional, temporal, and seasonal variations in births and deaths: The effects of famines","volume":"48","author":"Fellman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Social Biology"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-020-00342-w"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref64","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of extreme climate events and child mortality on total fertility rate in Bangladesh","volume":"10","author":"Haq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2020.102160"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-025-00503-9"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707001353"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2613"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdisas.2021.100185"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2016.00045.x"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare7010050"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441730.2022.2028253"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2009.00298.x"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref92","unstructured":"National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT) and ICF (2024) Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2022: Final Report. Dhaka, Bangladesh, and Rockville, Maryland: NIPORT and ICF."},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref26","volume-title":"Fertility, Biology, and Behavior: An Analysis of the Proximate Determinants","author":"Bongaarts","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2019.40.12"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref65","volume-title":"Institutional Partnerships in Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems","author":"Habib","year":"2012"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.936034"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-020-00351-0"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1973546"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1972149"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-017-0273-3"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-097086-8.31059-5"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wsif.2014.08.005"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304128"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1966599"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2008.020123"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.010"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-019-01803-0"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-019-00333-6"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref127","unstructured":"The Business Standard (2019) Bangladesh shifts towards two-child policy again. Available at https:\/\/www.tbsnews.net\/bangladesh\/bangladesh-shifts-towards-two-child-policy-again (accessed 23 July, 2023)."},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5871\/jba\/009s8.055"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.328"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0032472031000142356"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref85","first-page":"53","article-title":"Influence of gender preference for children on fertility behaviour: A comparative study of men and women in Haryana","volume":"41","author":"Malhi","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of Family Welfare"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2013.10.006"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/roiw.12356"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00598-8"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40847-021-00173-x"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43994-024-00150-0"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref131","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011) Standards and operational guidance for ethics review of health-related research with human participants. World Health Organization. Available at https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/44783."},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref93","unstructured":"Needs Assessment Working Group (2019) Cyclone \u201cFani\u201d: Joint situation analysis. Available at https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/sites\/reliefweb.int\/files\/resources\/NAWG_Cyclone%20Fani%20-%20Joint%20Situation%20Analysis.pdf."},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2015.02.004"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.16.1.14"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2017.37.40"},{"key":"S0021932026100662_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12125"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biosocial Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0021932026100662","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:14:57Z","timestamp":1790331297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0021932026100662\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0021932026100662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0021932026100662","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9320","1469-7599"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9320","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7599","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}}}