{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:17:51Z","timestamp":1792466271598,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dairy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This Research Reflection short review will discuss vitamin D metabolism, its role in nutrition, disease prevention, and welfare of dairy cattle, as well as its toxicity. Vitamin D is an important fat-soluble vitamin. However, some researchers regard it as a hormone due to its function in the organism. Its role is not limited just to Ca homoeostasis and bone metabolism but is also associated with immunity. In dairy cattle it is known for preventing milk fever. Cows can acquire vitamin D in many ways for example through feed, parenteral injections or through UVB irradiation from the sun or artificial lighting. The vitamin D in feed can either be plant-\/ fungi- based ergocalciferol or animal-based cholecalciferol. There is currently only one registered feed vitamin D supplement for cattle in the European Union and it is cholecalciferol. Animals can also synthesize their own vitamin D when 7-dihydrocholesterol in the skin is irradiated with UVB light resulting in cholecalciferol production. Despite its importance, many cattle are deficient in vitamin D due to inadequate supplementation or insufficient sun exposure. In a study performed at the Veterinary Faculty in Slovenia 12 high producing Holstein Friesian cows at a commercial dairy farm were blood tested for vitamin D status for three succeeding months and all but one were vitamin D insufficient in all testings. The cows were not exposed to direct sunlight and the content of vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> in feed was &lt;400 IU\/kg dry matter, which is less than half of the NRC (2001) recommendation. Deficiency can also occur due to diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract, such as paratuberculosis, which lower the absorptive capacity of the gut. Vitamin D can be toxic if cows are over-supplemented or consume large quantities of plants like <jats:italic>Trisetum flavescens<\/jats:italic>, which contain an active form of vitamin D-calcitriol or its glycosides, that are activated by digestion in the rumen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022029920000424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T03:21:49Z","timestamp":1596079309000},"page":"84-87","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["A review of vitamin D and its importance to the health of dairy cattle"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Jaka Jakob","family":"Hodnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u017eica","family":"Je\u017eek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u017ee","family":"Stari\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-9277"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AN14479"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00336.2004"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(85)81244-3","article-title":"Path model of reproductive disorders and performance, milk fever, mastitis, milk yield and culling in Holstein cows","volume":"68","author":"Erb","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(99)75236-7","article-title":"Postpartum body condition score and results from the first test day milk as predictors of disease, fertility, yield and culling in commercial dairy herds","volume":"82","author":"Heuer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030501","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2017.030501","article-title":"Concerning the vitamin D reference range: pre-analytical and analytical variability of vitamin D measurement","volume":"27","author":"Ferrari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochemia Medica"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(95)76867-9"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref5","unstructured":"EMEA\/MRL (1998) Committee for veterinary medicinal products, vitamin D, summary report. EMEA\/MRL\/366\/98 (1998) The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit Available at https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/mrl-report\/vitamin-d-summary-report-committee-veterinary-medicinal-products_en.pdf accessed on 18. 10. 2019"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(88)79846-X"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref24","first-page":"164","volume-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1071\/AN17601","article-title":"Managing plasma P concentrations in beef heifers with a slow release vitamin D supplementation","volume":"60","author":"Tomkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal Production Science"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11727"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00241-6"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4030181"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.12.020","article-title":"The monitoring, prevention, and treatment of milk fever and subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows","volume":"176","author":"Goff","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.11.053","article-title":"Safety evaluation of dietary levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in growing calves","volume":"111","author":"Celi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food and Chemical Toxicology"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.09.011","article-title":"Nutritional strategies in ruminants: a lifetime approach","volume":"116","author":"McGrath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Research in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref14","first-page":"89","article-title":"Problems with vitamin D injections for prevention of milk fever: toxicity of large doses and increased incidence of small doses","volume":"63","author":"Littledike","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(87)80099-1"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5929"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.11.2648"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14033"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13740"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref29","unstructured":"Stari\u010d, J (2010) Dynamics of biochemical markers of bone metabolism in dairy cows treated with high dose of vitamin D3 as prevention against periparturient hypocalcaemia (PhD thesis). Ljubljana: Veterinary faculty."},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref25","unstructured":"OJ (2017) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017\/1492 of 21 August 2017 concerning the authorisation of cholecalciferol as a feed additive for all animal species Available at https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2017.216.01.0019.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2017 : 216:TOC accessed on 18. 10. 2019"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0430413"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(82)82263-7"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-0264"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.07.007","article-title":"Modulation of inflammatory and immune responses by vitamin D","volume":"85","author":"Colotta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Autoimmunity"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13739"},{"key":"S0022029920000424_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.01.063"}],"container-title":["Journal of Dairy Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022029920000424","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T09:35:58Z","timestamp":1605864958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022029920000424\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022029920000424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022029920000424","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0299","1469-7629"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0299","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7629","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]}}}