{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:44:32Z","timestamp":1786999472357,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596412800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dairy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The growth in wirelessly enabled sensor network technologies has enabled the low cost deployment of sensor platforms with applications in a range of sectors and communities. In the agricultural domain such sensors have been the foundation for the creation of decision support tools that enhance farm operational efficiency. This Research Reflection illustrates how these advances are assisting dairy farmers to optimise performance and illustrates where emerging sensor technology can offer additional benefits. One of the early applications for sensor technology at an individual animal level was the accurate identification of cattle entering into heat (oestrus) to increase the rate of successful pregnancies and thus optimise milk yield per animal. This was achieved through the use of activity monitoring collars and leg tags. Additional information relating to the behaviour of the cattle, namely the time spent eating and ruminating, was subsequently derived from collars giving further insights of economic value into the wellbeing of the animal, thus an enhanced range of welfare related services have been provisioned. The integration of the information from neck-mounted collars with the compositional analysis data of milk measured at a robotic milking station facilitates the early diagnosis of specific illnesses such as mastitis. The combination of different data streams also serves to eliminate the generation of false alarms, improving the decision making capability. The principle of integrating more data streams from deployed on-farm systems, for example, with feed composition data measured at the point of delivery using instrumented feeding wagons, supports the optimisation of feeding strategies and identification of the most productive animals. Optimised feeding strategies reduce operational costs and minimise waste whilst ensuring high welfare standards. These IoT-inspired solutions, made possible through Internet-enabled cloud data exchange, have the potential to make a major impact within farming practices. This paper gives illustrative examples and considers where new sensor technology from the automotive industry may also have a role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022029920000680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T04:53:26Z","timestamp":1596430406000},"page":"20-27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["The Internet of Things enhancing animal welfare and farm operational efficiency"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Craig","family":"Michie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Andonovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Davison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Tachtatzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Jonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol-Anne","family":"Duthie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gilroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5892","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10619","article-title":"Public and farmer perceptions of dairy cattle welfare in the United States","volume":"99","author":"Wolf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2009.05.004"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105407","article-title":"Evaluation of lameness detection using radar sensing in ruminants","volume":"185","author":"Busin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref1","unstructured":"Afimilk (2015) Silent Herdsman. Available at http:\/\/www.afimilk.com\/products\/cow-monitoring\/afimilk-silent-herdsman-leading-neck-collar-fertility-management-system (Accessed: 17 July 2018)"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref13","unstructured":"Glas Data 2018 (2019) Glas Data. Available at https:\/\/glas-data.co.uk\/ (Accessed: 17 October 2019)"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2009.03.005"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5082","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-6620","article-title":"Rumination time during the summer season and its relationships with metabolic conditions and milk production","volume":"96","author":"Soriani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref31","first-page":"498","article-title":"Estrus detection tools and their applicability in cattle: recent and perspectival situation","volume":"12","author":"Roelofs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animal Reproduction"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.04.024"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)70158-0","article-title":"Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle: where will It end?","volume":"84","author":"Lucy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref29","volume-title":"Cattle Behaviour","author":"Phillips","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref12","unstructured":"Farmnet365 (2019) Farmnet365. Available at https:\/\/www.365farmnet.com\/en\/ (Accessed: 17 October 2019)"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GIOTS.2017.8016251"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref3","unstructured":"Arlafoods Ltd (2019) Good animal welfare is part of our promise. Available at https:\/\/www.arlafoods.co.uk\/about-arla\/our-farms\/ (Accessed: 17 October 2019). Arlafoods Ltd. 2019. Good Animal Welfare Is Part of Our Promise. Accessed October 17, 2019. https:\/\/www.arlafoods.co.uk\/about-arla\/our-farms\/"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(92)77798-4"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2009.03.002"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref19","unstructured":"Kj\u00e6rnes, U , Miele, M and Roex, J (2007) Attitudes of Consumers, Retailers and Producers to Farm Animal Welfare, Animal Welfare. ISBN 1-90264-73-4"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2009.09.007","article-title":"A wireless accelerometer system with wavelet analysis for assessing lameness in cattle","volume":"104","author":"Pastell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosystems Engineering"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(00)00085-3"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(77)83859-9"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74254-9"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref24","first-page":"136","article-title":"Validation of a technology for objectively measuring behaviour in dairy cows and its application for oestrous detection","volume":"67","author":"McGowan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios7040055"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref4","volume-title":"The First North American Conference on Precision Dairy Management","author":"Barbi","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref16","unstructured":"Hokofarm (2019) HoKofarm Group. Available at https:\/\/www.hokofarmgroup.com\/ric.aspx (Accessed: 15 October 2019)"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00037","article-title":"Lameness affects cow feeding but not rumination behavior as characterized from sensor data","volume":"3","author":"Thorup","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2013.01.001"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8802"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4552","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1048","article-title":"Lameness, activity time-budgets, and estrus expression in dairy cattle","volume":"91","author":"Walker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1699(96)00052-X"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731115002517"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1109\/ISNFS.1996.603835","volume-title":"1st International Symposium on Neuro Fuzzy Systems AT 96 Conference Report","author":"Eradus","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100449-4.00010-5"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(96)01068-4"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref15","unstructured":"Heat Detection and Health Monitoring \u2013 National Milk Records (2018) Available at https:\/\/www.nmr.co.uk\/breeding\/heat-detection-and-health-monitoring (Accessed: 17 July 2018)"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref17","unstructured":"Keenan (2019) Machines. Available at https:\/\/www.alltech.com\/keenan\/new-machines (Accessed: 14 October 2019)"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.11.009"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fertility in high yielding dairy cows","volume":"2002","author":"Wathes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Holstein Journal"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7458","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10843","article-title":"A validation of technologies monitoring dairy cow feeding, ruminating, and lying behaviors","volume":"99","author":"Borchers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref2","unstructured":"AHDB Dairy (2016) \u2018Dairy statistics \u2013 An Insider's Guide 2016\u2019, p. 73. Available at http:\/\/www.dairyco.org.uk\/non_umbraco\/download.aspx?media=1438"},{"key":"S0022029920000680_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2565","article-title":"Invited review: technical solutions for analysis of milk constituents and abnormal milk","volume":"93","author":"Brandt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"}],"container-title":["Journal of Dairy Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022029920000680","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T04:34:14Z","timestamp":1605846854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022029920000680\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022029920000680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022029920000680","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0299","1469-7629"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0299","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7629","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}}}