{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T05:16:14Z","timestamp":1780377374695,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dairy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study assessed if salivary crystallization pattern (ferning pattern formed as a result of the higher levels of salt content in the dried sample) could be used for estrus detection and for diagnosis of pregnancy\/non-pregnancy in dairy cows. Saliva and blood samples were collected from non-pregnant cycling cows (Sahiwal breed; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 20) on alternate days from the day of estrus till next estrus. Then, all the cows were inseminated and saliva and blood sampling were continued further for a period of 22 d post-insemination. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out on day 45 post-insemination and eight cows were found to be pregnant. The salivary crystallization pattern and estradiol:progesterone ratio during estrous cycle and during pregnancy were compared among these cows. Six types of salivary crystallization patterns were discerned; distinct patterns such as branch-like, fern-like, fir-like and combinations of these. Fern-like pattern was observed in all the cows on the day of estrus (first measurement day) and furthermore, all of the cows that subsequently became pregnant had fern-like salivary crystallization pattern at the time of insemination. Saliva of all the pregnant cows showed branch-fir type of crystallization pattern on day 16 post-breeding while only 50% of non-pregnant cows showed this pattern on day 16 of estrous cycle. The appearance of fern-like pattern was positively and significantly related to estradiol:progesterone ratio (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.86; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). The findings were validated on a separate group of cycling cows (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 32). We can conclude that salivary crystallization pattern might serve as a non-invasive and cost effective and easy-to-use cow-side tool for estrus detection and early pregnancy\/non-pregnancy diagnosis in cows upon validation on a larger sample size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022029922000887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T05:37:41Z","timestamp":1674625061000},"page":"21-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Salivary crystallization pattern: a possible unconventional tool for timing of insemination and early pregnancy diagnosis in zebu cows"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Nitin Bhaskar","family":"Chavan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arumugam","family":"Kumaresan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivani","family":"Chhillar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samiksha","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mani Arul","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sreela","family":"Lathika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubina Kumari","family":"Baithalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suneel","family":"Onteru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayyasamy","family":"Manimaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiv Prasad","family":"Kimothi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022029922000887_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.10.016"},{"key":"S0022029922000887_ref4","first-page":"83","article-title":"Influence of plasma P4 level and cervical mucus fern pattern on conception rate in bovine","volume":"1","author":"Kumaresan","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction"},{"key":"S0022029922000887_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2010.00967.x"},{"key":"S0022029922000887_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3844\/ajassp.2010.1066.1072"},{"key":"S0022029922000887_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74060-5"},{"key":"S0022029922000887_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.04.004"},{"key":"S0022029922000887_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2011.11.006"},{"key":"S0022029922000887_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74268-9"},{"key":"S0022029922000887_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/ats-2013-0018"},{"key":"S0022029922000887_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-008-9155-0"}],"container-title":["Journal of Dairy Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022029922000887","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T08:15:14Z","timestamp":1684743314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022029922000887\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022029922000887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022029922000887","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0299","1469-7629"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0299","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7629","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]}}}