{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:27:29Z","timestamp":1761611249973},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,3]],"date-time":"2009-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1236038400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3380,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Eco. History"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We examine the income of older men in London around 1930, based on a large sample. The income of nonworking older men was substantially below that of men still working. We find no evidence that retirement rates increased at the state-penionable\u2014unsurprisingly, since pension paryments provided less than a povertyline income. Less demanding or part-time work was unavailable. Hence we conclude that the decision of older manual workers to leave the labor market was determined primarily by the <jats:italic>absence<\/jats:italic> of appropriate employment opportunities, rather than the <jats:italic>presence<\/jats:italic> of substantial assets or nonlabor income.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022050700024098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,16]],"date-time":"2009-09-16T12:09:09Z","timestamp":1253102949000},"page":"949-971","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Did They Jump or Were They Pushed? The Exit of Older Men from the London Labor Market, 1929\u20131931"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Dudley","family":"Baines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022050700024098_ref003","volume-title":"Social Insurance and Allied Services","year":"1942"},{"key":"S0022050700024098_ref016","volume-title":"Social Survey of Merseyside","author":"D. 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Census of England and Wales, 1921."},{"key":"S0022050700024098_ref005","volume-title":"The Social Survey in Historycal Perspective","author":"Bulmer","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0022050700024098_ref018","volume-title":"New Survey of London Life and Labour","author":"Llewellyn-Smith","year":"1930"},{"key":"S0022050700024098_ref030","unstructured":"United Kingdom. Census of Production, 1930 Part 5: General Report. London: HMSO, 1935."},{"key":"S0022050700024098_ref031","unstructured":"United Kingdom. National Advisory Committee on the Employment of Older Men and Women, First Report. Cmd 8963. London: HMSO, 1953."},{"key":"S0022050700024098_ref025","unstructured":"Stone and Cox Insurance Tables, 1931. 2nd ed. London: Stone and Cox, 1931."},{"key":"S0022050700024098_ref001","unstructured":"Baines D. E. , The Computerisation of the New Survey of London Life and Labour, 1929\u20131931. Working Papers in Economic History, LSE, 1999."},{"key":"S0022050700024098_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/1331462","volume-title":"The British System of Social Insurance","author":"Cohen","year":"1932"},{"key":"S0022050700024098_ref014","volume-title":"Saving and Spending. 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A Second Social Survey of York","author":"Rowntree","year":"1941"},{"key":"S0022050700024098_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-2796-4_3"},{"key":"S0022050700024098_ref028","unstructured":"United Kingdom. Census of England and Wales, 1931."},{"key":"S0022050700024098_ref029","unstructured":"United Kingdom. Census of Production, 1930."},{"key":"S0022050700024098_ref032","unstructured":"United Kingdom. Registrar General's Decennial Supplement, England and Wales, Part IIa: Occupational Mortality. London: HMSO, 1938."},{"key":"S0022050700024098_ref033","unstructured":"United Kingdom. Statistical Abstractfor the United Kingdom, Cmd. 5903. London: HMSO, 1939."},{"key":"S0022050700024098_ref034","unstructured":"United Kingdom. Ministry of Labour Gazette. Monthly."},{"key":"S0022050700024098_ref004","volume-title":"Life and Labour of the People of London","author":"Booth","year":"1969"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Economic History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022050700024098","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T15:52:54Z","timestamp":1557417174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022050700024098\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022050700024098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022050700024098","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0507","1471-6372"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0507","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-6372","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]}}}