{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T04:48:16Z","timestamp":1788497296082,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,14]],"date-time":"2011-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1297641600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Fluid Mech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An analysis is made of the sound generated by the time-dependent throttling of a nominally steady stream of air through a small orifice into a flow-through resonant cavity. This is exemplified by the production of voiced speech, where air from the lungs enters the vocal tract through the glottis at a time-variable volume flow rate <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>) controlled by oscillations of the glottis cross-section. Voicing theory has hitherto determined <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic> from a heuristic, reduced complexity \u2018Fant\u2019 differential equation. A new self-consistent, integro-differential form of this equation is derived in this paper using the theory of aerodynamic sound, with full account taken of the back-reaction of the resonant tract on the glottal flux <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>. The theory involves an aeroacoustic Green's function (<jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>) for flow\u2013surface interactions in a time-dependent glottis, so making the problem non-self-adjoint. In complex problems of this type, it is not usually possible to obtain <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic> in an explicit analytic form. The principal objective of this paper is to show how the Fant equation can still be derived in such cases from a consideration of the equation of aerodynamic sound and from the adjoint of the equation governing <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic> in the neighbourhood of the \u2018throttle\u2019. The theory is illustrated by application to the canonical problem of throttled flow into a Helmholtz resonator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022112010006117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,14]],"date-time":"2011-02-14T04:20:02Z","timestamp":1297657202000},"page":"428-450","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Production of sound by unsteady throttling of flow into a resonant cavity, with application to voiced speech"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"672","author":[{"given":"M. S.","family":"HOWE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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