{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:22:22Z","timestamp":1790846542844,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1244160000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7857,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>An <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> system for chemotherapeutic research using adult male <jats:italic>Onchocerca gutturosa<\/jats:italic> has been developed as a model for <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>. Using a culture system consisting of medium MEM+10% heat inactivated foetal calf serum (IFCS)+LLCMK2 (monkey kidney) feeder cells in an atmosphere of 5% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in air, we examined the effects of a range of antiparasitic drugs on worm motility. Ivermectin, levamisole, furapyrimidone, Mel W, chloroquine, metrifonate, flubendazole, amoscanate and the Ciba-Geigy compounds CGP 6140, CGP 20\u2032376 and CGI 17658 either immobilized or significantly reduced motility levels at a concentration of 5x10<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>M or less within a 7-day period. Worms were affected at very low concentrations by ivermectin (effective conc. to reduce motility levels to 50% of controls, 3.14x10<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>M), levamisole (7.95x10<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>M), CGP 6140 (8.87x10<jats:sup>\u22129<\/jats:sup>M) and CGP 20\u2032376 (2.78x10<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>M). Difficulties were experienced in accurately repeating the immotile endpoint for levamisole due to an inconsistent partial recovery of motility. Over a 7-day period diethylcarbamazine had little effect on motility levels, while suramin caused a slight increase in activity compared to controls at some timepoints. Subsequent experiments demonstrated some differences in drug efficacy depending on the presence or absence of serum and feeder cells in the culture system probably because of drug avidly binding to serum proteins. However, serum and cells were found to be essential ingredients of the culture system to maintain worms in good condition, indicating that new drugs should be evaluated both in the presence and absence of serum and cells. Comparisons were made between the responses of <jats:italic>O. gutturosa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Brugia pahangi<\/jats:italic> to certain drugs and these species were found to significantly differ in their sensitivities to ivermectin and a novel compound (Wellcome), indicating that <jats:italic>Onchocerca<\/jats:italic> parasites should be used wherever possible for compound identification and development intended for the treatment of onchocerciasis. The <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> system described here, using male <jats:italic>O. gutturosa<\/jats:italic>, provides a basis for further research and a practical alternative to <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x00010178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T15:20:27Z","timestamp":1244215227000},"page":"271-281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Drug activity against <i>Onchocerca gutturosa<\/i> males <i>in vitro<\/i>: a model for chemotherapeutic research on onchocerciasis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Townson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Connelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Dobinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X00010178_ref003","first-page":"39","article-title":"Evaluation of drugs against Onchocerca microfilariae in an inbred mouse model","volume":"37","author":"Bianco","year":"1986","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X00010178_ref004","first-page":"64","article-title":"In vitro leakage of incorporated [U-14C] adenine \u2014 a method for monitoring the extent of drug induced injury in cultured filarial parasites","volume":"38","author":"Comley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X00010178_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90308-0"},{"key":"S0022149X00010178_ref025","first-page":"75","article-title":"Antifilarial activity of chloroquine and other aminoquinolines","volume":"38","author":"Williams","year":"1987","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X00010178_ref019","first-page":"91","article-title":"Three new chemotherapeutic agents with potent antifilarial activity","volume":"37","author":"Striebel","year":"1986","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X00010178_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00008579"},{"key":"S0022149X00010178_ref009","first-page":"367","article-title":"Quelques observations concernant le pentylthiarsaphenyl-melamine (Mel W) dans le traitement des filarioses a O. volvulus et W. bancrofti","volume":"41","author":"Friedheim","year":"1961","journal-title":"Annales del la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Belge de M\u00e9decine Tropicale"},{"key":"S0022149X00010178_ref022","unstructured":"WHO (1983) Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Project. Report of a scientific working group on the biochemistry of filarial and allied parasites. 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W. & Copeman D. B. (in press) In vitro drug screening in isolated male Onchocerca gibsoni using motility suppression. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology."},{"key":"S0022149X00010178_ref017","first-page":"71","article-title":"The effects of diethylcarbamazine, mebendazole and levamisole on Onchocerca volvulus in vivo and in vitro","volume":"35","author":"Rivas-Alcala","year":"1984","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0022149X00010178_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000064180"},{"key":"S0022149X00010178_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1982.11687567"},{"key":"S0022149X00010178_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3280987"},{"key":"S0022149X00010178_ref001","first-page":"60","article-title":"Effects of high doses of DEC in onchocerciasis","volume":"38","author":"Albiez","year":"1987","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X00010178_ref006","first-page":"162","article-title":"Improvement of in vitro culture conditions of B. pahangi four day old developing larvae for use in an antifilarial drug assay","volume":"34","author":"Court","year":"1983","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0022149X00010178_ref024","unstructured":"WHO (1985b) Report of the 11th meeting of the scientific working group on filariasis on review of filaricide screening methods and results in relation to synthetic chemistry, biochemistry and toxicology held jointly with the Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Project. Publ. by the World Health Organization, TDR\/FIL-SWG(11).85.3."},{"key":"S0022149X00010178_ref023","unstructured":"WHO (1985a) 10 years of onchocerciasis control. Review of the work of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River basin area from 1974 to 1984. Publ. by the World Health Organization, OCP\/GVA\/85.1B."}],"container-title":["Journal of Helminthology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022149X00010178","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T21:10:59Z","timestamp":1558386659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022149X00010178\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1987,12]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022149X00010178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022149x00010178","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-149X","1475-2697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-149X","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2697","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1987,12]]}}}