{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:51:19Z","timestamp":1773881479183,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1244160000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7582,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seasonal density fluctuations of <jats:italic>Bulinus nasutus<\/jats:italic> populations with accompanying <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection rates in relation to rainfall and habitat water volumes were studied at Ukiriguru, Mwanza, Tanzania. Alongside the snail investigations, 50 school children initially negative for urinary schistosomiasis were examined regularly to determine seasonal incidence rates for the infection. Of the 17 646 <jats:italic>B. nasutus<\/jats:italic> collected in 2 years, 156 (0.88%) were found shedding cercariae. Snail populations fluctuated seasonally as influenced by rainfall through its effects on habitat water volume. Monthly snail infection rates ranged from 0.09% to 3.19% and were highest in February and March, at the time of the short dry period. Monthly incidence of <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> in school children ranged between 2.6% and 12.5%, being highest in April and May. There was a significant linear association between monthly snail infection rates and <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> incidence rates in school children (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mime-subtype=\"gif\" mimetype=\"image\" xlink:type=\"simple\" xlink:href=\"S0022149X00011536inline1\"\/> in 1983\/84) suggesting that the maximum transmission period for urinary schistosomiasis in the area occurs during the short dry period, sometime in February\/March so that most of the infections in the community would be detected in April\/May.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x00011536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T11:20:19Z","timestamp":1244200819000},"page":"213-217","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Transmission of urinary schistosomiasis in Sukumaland, Tanzania. 1. Snail infection rates and incidence of infection in school children"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"N. J. S.","family":"Lwambo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X00011536_ref003","unstructured":"Lwihula G. K. (1985) Human behavioural factors associated with the transmission and control of Schistosoma haematobium in Ifakara, Tanzania. PhD Thesis, University of London."},{"key":"S0022149X00011536_ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review of literature on abiotic factors influencing the distribution and life cycles of bilharziasis intermediate host snails","volume":"11","author":"Appleton","year":"1978","journal-title":"Malacological Review"},{"key":"S0022149X00011536_ref004","first-page":"295","article-title":"Water resources and bilharziasis transmission in the Misungwi area, Mwanza district, North-West Tanzania","volume":"45","author":"Mccullough","year":"1968","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0022149X00011536_ref008","first-page":"59","article-title":"The transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in an area of Lake Province, Tanganyika","volume":"27","author":"Webbe","year":"1962","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0022149X00011536_ref002","first-page":"472","article-title":"Studies on the population dynamics of B. (P.) nasutus and natural S. haematobium infection rates in relation to rainfall at Misungwi and Usagara, Mwanza","volume":"47","author":"Baalawy","year":"1970","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0022149X00011536_ref006","first-page":"620","volume-title":"Epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis)","author":"Oliver","year":"1973"},{"key":"S0022149X00011536_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1976.11687100"},{"key":"S0022149X00011536_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(56)90008-X"}],"container-title":["Journal of Helminthology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022149X00011536","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T15:14:08Z","timestamp":1558365248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022149X00011536\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,9]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022149X00011536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022149x00011536","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-149X","1475-2697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-149X","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2697","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,9]]}}}