{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:23:43Z","timestamp":1792790623097,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,18]],"date-time":"2009-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1258502400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":18311,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1959,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>1. At least twenty-two species of filarial worms are known to develop in mosquitoes. Filarial larvae of non-human origin must often be present in mosquitoes dissected during filariasis surveys yet the larvae seen are commonly assumed to be of human origin.<\/jats:p><jats:p>2. On Pate island off the Kenya coast where bancroftian filariasis is prevalent, several distinct species of infective larvae were found in mosquitoes both in the houses and in the bush. Seven species of filarial worms were found in the local animals and a collection of known infective larvae was made by feeding mosquitoes on these different infections. A study of the material in this \u201creference collection\u201d showed that many of the larvae in \u201cwild\u201d mosquitoes could be identified with confidence.<\/jats:p><jats:p>3. A technique has been developed for the dissection of preserved and stained mosquitoes; this method has many advantages and can be used in routine filariasis surveys.<\/jats:p><jats:p>4. The characters which were most useful in differentiating the infective larvae were: the length; the position of the anus; and the shape of the caudal extremity. Eight species of infective larvae were available for study, these are described and illustrated: <jats:italic>W. bancrofti, W. malayi, W. pahangi, W. patei, D. corynodes, D. repens, D. immitis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. equina<\/jats:italic>. The literature dealing with a further fourteen species is reviewed.<\/jats:p><jats:p>5. A simple key has been produced to help identify the species of infective larvae found in mosquitoes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>6. On the Kenya coast <jats:italic>W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic> infective larvae have been found only in <jats:italic>C. fatigans, A. gambiae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>A. funestus<\/jats:italic>. Infective larvae of animal origin which might easily be mistaken for those of <jats:italic>W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic> have been found in <jats:italic>Ae. pembaensis, Ae. aegypti, M. uniformis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>M. africanus<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><jats:p>7. Formulae for transmission indices based on infection rates in insect vectors are of little value unless there is confidence in specific identification.<\/jats:p><jats:p>8. A study of the infective larvae in <jats:italic>Simulium neavei<\/jats:italic> from an onchocerciasis area in Uganda has shown that not all the larvae are of human origin. A closer examination of the morphology of infective larvae in the vectors of filarial parasites of man in other areas will almost certainly show that the interpretation of infection rates may be complicated by the presence of infections of nonhuman origin.<\/jats:p><jats:p>9. Feeding experiments were carried out with <jats:italic>Aedes pembaensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ac. aegypti<\/jats:italic> on a donkey infected with <jats:italic>Setaria equina<\/jats:italic>; both of these mosquitoes proved to be suitable vectors of this filarial worm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x00033484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,18]],"date-time":"2009-11-18T16:21:48Z","timestamp":1258561308000},"page":"233-256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["The Identification of Infective Filarial Larvae in Mosquitoes: with a Note on the Species Found in \u201cWild\u201d Mosquitoes on the Kenya Coast"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"G. S.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X00033484_ref063","unstructured":"Yeh L. 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Collected papers on helminthology dedicated by his pupils to K. I. Skrjabin in his 40th year of scientific, educational and adviinistrative achievement. pp. 154\u2013158. (In Russian.)"},{"key":"S0022149X00033484_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3272755"},{"key":"S0022149X00033484_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3272756"},{"key":"S0022149X00033484_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1953.02320330050006"}],"container-title":["Journal of Helminthology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022149X00033484","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]],"date-time":"2019-06-05T15:54:05Z","timestamp":1559750045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022149X00033484\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1959,10]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1959,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022149X00033484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022149x00033484","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-149X","1475-2697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-149X","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2697","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1959,10]]}}}