{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:47:32Z","timestamp":1747190852878},"reference-count":214,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]],"date-time":"2007-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188604800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main problem regarding the chemotherapy of filariasis is that no safe and effective drug is available yet to combat the adult human filarial worms. <jats:italic>Setaria cervi<\/jats:italic>, the causal organism of setariasis and lumbar paralysis in cattle, is routinely employed as a model organism for conducting biochemical and enzymatic studies on filarial parasites. In view of the practical difficulties in procuring human strains of <jats:italic>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Brugia malayi<\/jats:italic> for drug screening, the bovine filarial parasite <jats:italic>S. cervi<\/jats:italic>, resembling the human species in having microfilarial periodicity and chemotherapeutic response to known antifilarial agents, is widely used as a model in such studies. For a rational approach to antifilarial chemotherapy, knowledge of the biochemical composition and metabolic pathways of this helminth parasite may be of paramount importance, so that more potent antifilarial agents based on specific drug targets can be identified in drug discovery programmes. The present review provides an update on the biochemistry of the important metabolic pathways functioning within this potentially important bovine parasite, that have so far been studied, and on those that need to be investigated further so as to identify novel drug targets that can be exploited for designing new antifilarial drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x07799133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,17]],"date-time":"2007-09-17T14:24:30Z","timestamp":1190039070000},"page":"261-280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Biochemical composition and metabolic pathways of filarial worms <i>Setaria cervi<\/i>: search for new antifilarial agents"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Rumana","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arvind K.","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref55","first-page":"604","article-title":"Antifilarial effect of two triterpenoid saponins isolated from Acacia auriculiformis","volume":"31","author":"Ghosh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref2","first-page":"223","article-title":"Dopamine-\u03b2-hydroxylase in parasitic nematodes","volume":"6","author":"Agarwal","year":"1982","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(96)80008-X"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(90)90025-I"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(76)90039-4"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.64.7"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref69","first-page":"366","article-title":"Nematodes, nervous disease and neurotropic virus infection; observations in animal pathology of probable significance in medical neurology","volume":"2","author":"Innes","year":"1952","journal-title":"British Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(02)00157-0"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref178","first-page":"656","article-title":"Surface topography of the adults of Setaria cervi","volume":"62","author":"Srivastava","year":"1985","journal-title":"Indian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref128","first-page":"280","article-title":"Transcuticular uptake of methyl glucose by Setaria cervi","volume":"21","author":"Roy","year":"1983","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(92)90195-8"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00259375","article-title":"Studies on Setaria cervi (Nematoda: Filarioidea). Morphology of the microfilaria","volume":"23","author":"Ansari","year":"1963","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Parasitenkunde"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref170","first-page":"542","article-title":"Voltage activated calcium channels in somatic muscle of filarial nematode Setaria cervi","volume":"39","author":"Singhal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00925369"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.22.726"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(91)90130-Y"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9988"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref193","first-page":"291","article-title":"Excretory secretory antigens of filarial parasite Setaria digitata","volume":"28","author":"Thilagavathy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Indian Journal Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-004-0112-9"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-711X(92)90070-H"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref135","first-page":"174","article-title":"Protein kinases in different life stages of Brugia malayi and other filarial worms","volume":"35","author":"Saxena","year":"1984","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref160","first-page":"173","article-title":"Antifilarial glycosides of Streblus asper: Effect on metabolism of adult Setaria cervi females","volume":"35","author":"Singh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.153.3.720"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref179","first-page":"13","article-title":"Pattern of certain marker enzymes of hepatic tissue of Mastomys natalensis parasitized with Setaria cervi","volume":"23","author":"Srivastava","year":"1984","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Animal Health"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref36","first-page":"6","article-title":"Cuticle specific antigens from filarial parasite Setaria digitata","volume":"28","author":"Bright","year":"1990","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(91)90532-C"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.4877"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1998.00171.x"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref183","first-page":"25","article-title":"Effect of 3-0-(aminoalkyl) a-D-gluco (xylo) furanoses on glutathione metabolism of bovine filarial parasites","volume":"32","author":"Srivastava","year":"1995","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref107","first-page":"128","article-title":"Effect of acetylcholine, L-glutamine and diethyl carbamazine citrate on the release of microfilariae from Setaria digitata","volume":"33","author":"Murugan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(77)90067-4"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref8","first-page":"323","article-title":"Evaluation of Setaria cervi antigen in the diagnosis of human filariasis","volume":"37","author":"Almeida","year":"1990","journal-title":"Folia Parasitologica"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biochemical targets in filarial worms for selective antifilarial drug design","volume":"50","author":"Gupta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.5882"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref87","first-page":"267","article-title":"Gross chemical composition of the two sexes and microfilariae of Setaria cervi","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Veterinaria Hungarica"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.2624"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref89","first-page":"69","article-title":"Somatic antigens from male and female adults of Setaria cervi: immune reactions in guinea pigs","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"1987","journal-title":"Revista de Biologia Tropical"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-004-0111-x"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-004-0113-8"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000051775"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref12","first-page":"105","article-title":"Studies on Setaria cervi: its peritoneal transplant and periodicity of the microfilariae in white rats","volume":"24","author":"Ansari","year":"1964","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Parasitenkunde"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref150","first-page":"32","article-title":"Osmoregulation in a parasitic nematode, Setaria cervi","volume":"25","author":"Singh","year":"1984","journal-title":"Angewandte Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1936.11684937"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref38","first-page":"362","article-title":"Antigenic analysis of purified surface antigens of filarial nematode Setaria digitata","volume":"30","author":"Bright","year":"1992","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref202","first-page":"169","article-title":"Effect of diethylcarbamazine on neurotransmitter amino acids, biogenic amines and certain related enzymes in Setaria digitata","volume":"29","author":"Vijayanathan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0896(03)00033-6"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref73","first-page":"87","article-title":"Prevention of helminthiases in fur-bearing wild animals","volume":"10","author":"Kadenatsii","year":"1974","journal-title":"Veterinariia"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref86","first-page":"85","article-title":"Setaria cervi: lipid biosynthesis from C14 labelled acetate and glucose in the two sexes and microfilariae","volume":"28","author":"Kumar","year":"1987","journal-title":"Angewandte Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(91)90116-E"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref62","first-page":"491","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Institute on Systemics and Informatics (IIIS) and the International Federation of Systems Research (IFSR) 17. Orlando, Florida, USA","author":"Gupta","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref201","first-page":"130","article-title":"Succinate oxidase and fumarate reductase systems of filarial parasite Setaria digitata","volume":"37","author":"Unnikrishnan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2004.10.046"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref181","first-page":"700","article-title":"Pathophysiological effects of Setaria cervi parasitization in Mastomys natalensis","volume":"60","author":"Srivastava","year":"1983","journal-title":"Indian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(81)77010-1"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.03.235"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(92)90803-S"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref158","first-page":"163","article-title":"\u03b3-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity in adult Setaria cervi and Acanthocheilonema viteae and the effect of inhibitors","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitic Diseases"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref159","first-page":"70","article-title":"Presence of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase in filarial parasites","volume":"34","author":"Singh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(90)90091-O"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08820138609026691"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref176","first-page":"421","article-title":"Comparative susceptibility of rodents to Setaria cervi infection","volume":"60","author":"Srivastava","year":"1983","journal-title":"Indian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000027426"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(87)90102-2"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref184","first-page":"187","article-title":"Polyamines of helminths","volume":"4","author":"Srivastava","year":"1980","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(88)90031-8"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(91)91985-L"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref206","first-page":"7","article-title":"Studies on the genus Setaria Viborg, 1795 in South Africa. II. Setaria scalprum (Von Linstow, 1908) and Setaria saegeri (Le Van Hoa, 1961)","volume":"70","author":"Watermeyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref121","unstructured":"Rathaur S. (1980) Study of intermediary metabolism in microfilarial and adult stages of bovine filarial parasite Setaria cervi . Unpublished PhD thesis, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India."},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00002-8"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(94)00210-F"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(83)90104-9"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref4","first-page":"245","article-title":"Effect of anthelmintics and phenothiazines on adenosine-5\u2032-triphosphatases of filarial parasite Setaria cervi","volume":"28","author":"Agarwal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(92)90052-B"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809502901213"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.53.070184.003533"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref29","first-page":"408","volume-title":"The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Nematoda","author":"Baylis","year":"1936"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-406X(68)91003-7"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.1994.32.1.1"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(92)91214-B"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1997.d01-192.x"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3278446"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref14","first-page":"101","article-title":"Effect of antifilarials on the metabolic activity of Setaria cervi","volume":"2","author":"Anwar","year":"1978","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1999.11813424"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00384814"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(89)90042-3"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.45.137"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref24","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Biochemistry of parasites and host\u2013parasite relationships","author":"Barrett","year":"1976"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00927411"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref25","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Parasite invasion, Symposia of the British Society for Parasitology","author":"Barrett","year":"1977"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref59","first-page":"493","article-title":"Filarial glutathione-S-transferase: Its induction by xenobiotics and potential as drug target","volume":"52","author":"Gupta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Biochimica Polonica"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-86119-4"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biochemistry of filarial worms","volume":"52","author":"Barrett","year":"1983","journal-title":"Helminthological Abstracts"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(75)90082-X"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/g01-032"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00014127"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(83)90054-3"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref35","first-page":"145","article-title":"Two types of pyruvate kinase in schistosomes and filariae","volume":"44","author":"Brazier","year":"1973","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref41","first-page":"388","article-title":"Lumbar paralysis of ovine species in Japan reportedly caused by Setaria digitata","volume":"118","author":"Bush","year":"1951","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(88)90162-7"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref43","first-page":"13484","article-title":"Glutathione reductase","author":"Carlberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0065-2571(88)90008-8"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref124","first-page":"203","article-title":"Biogenic amines and their metabolites in microfilariae and adults of Setaria cervi","volume":"9","author":"Rathaur","year":"1985","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.22.175"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jorganchem.2004.03.044"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref82","first-page":"289","article-title":"Histochemical enzyme pattern of microfilaria of Setaria cervi","volume":"22","author":"Khatoon","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Morphologica Neerlando-Scandinavica"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z75-103"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref53","first-page":"157","article-title":"The regional distribution of dopamine and norepinephrine in Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica","volume":"58","author":"Gainutsos","year":"1977","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref127","first-page":"339","article-title":"Acid phosphatase activity in microfilariae of Setaria labiatopapillosa and comparison with other blood microfilariae of dog and horse origin","volume":"32","author":"Rossi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023294716282"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00013894"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref48","first-page":"848","article-title":"Immune response in mice against hatching associated materials from the filarial parasite Setaria digitata (Von Linstow)","volume":"32","author":"Devi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.23.793"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1973483477"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00929206"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.2419"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00095-3"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref52","first-page":"143","article-title":"NADH-fumarate reductase and succinate dehydrogenase activities in mitochondria of Ascaridia galli and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis","volume":"75B","author":"Fry","year":"1983","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref54","first-page":"245","article-title":"Regulation of cholinomimetic action of pyrantel pamoate by calcium channels in Setaria cervi","volume":"40","author":"Ganguly","year":"1996","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1972474613"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(90)90006-W"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Glutathione metabolism of filarial worms: A vulnerable target for the design and synthesis of new antifilarial agents","volume":"12","author":"Gupta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medical Science Monitor"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref37","first-page":"725","article-title":"Isolation and analysis of surface antigens of filarial nematode Setaria digitata","volume":"29","author":"Bright","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref106","first-page":"1047","article-title":"In vitro release of biologically active materials from the bovine filarial parasite Setaria digitata","volume":"29","author":"Murugan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indian Journal Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref64","first-page":"57","article-title":"\u03b3-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity in adult Setaria cervi","volume":"42","author":"Gupta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2005.06.004"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1993.1031"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)52212-5"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref133","first-page":"405","article-title":"Two species of the nematode genus Setaria Viborg","volume":"22","author":"Sarwar","year":"1946","journal-title":"Indian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2004254","article-title":"Adult 175\u00a0kDa collagenase antigen of Setaria cervi in immunoprophylaxis against Brugia malayi in jirds","volume":"78","author":"Srivastava","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Helminthology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref72","first-page":"862","article-title":"Immune response of electroeluted detergent soluble 29\u00a0kDa antigen from Setaria digitata (Von Linstow)","volume":"36","author":"John","year":"1998","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref74","first-page":"887","article-title":"5\/6\/7\/8 mono or disubstituted 1H\/1-phenyl-9H-pyrido (3,4) indoles\u2013a new class of antifilarial agents and their relationship with voltage sensitive calcium channels in Setaria cervi","volume":"36","author":"Kapoor","year":"1998","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref75","first-page":"857","article-title":"Synthesis and antifilarial evaluation of 7-O-acetamidyl-4-alkyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-ones","volume":"53","author":"Katiyar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08820138709030571"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref78","first-page":"371","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies against antigenic epitopes common between Setaria cervi and Brugia malayi","volume":"32","author":"Kaushal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref79","first-page":"75","article-title":"Characterization of acetylcholinesterase of Setaria cervi","volume":"20","author":"Kaushal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitic Diseases"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref80","first-page":"271","article-title":"Anthelmintic studies on Setaria cervi: Histochemical alterations in glucose-6-phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase and malic dehydrogenase","volume":"30","author":"Khatoon","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3480417"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref81","first-page":"72","article-title":"Effect of anthelmintics on the enzyme activities of Setaria cervi","volume":"24","author":"Khatoon","year":"1983","journal-title":"Angewandte Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref83","first-page":"825","article-title":"Intermediary metabolism of Dicrocoelium dendriticum","volume":"45B","author":"K\u00f6hler","year":"1973","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref88","first-page":"273","article-title":"Setaria cervi: Metabolism IV. Ribonucleotide biosynthesis from 14C labelled glucose in microfilariae","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Veterinaria Hungarica"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1996.tb01031.x"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01483-0"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref180","first-page":"39","article-title":"Isolation, partial purification and some properties of protein kinase 1, protein kinase II and protein kinase III from Setaria cervi females","volume":"18","author":"Srivastava","year":"1994","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref92","first-page":"95","article-title":"Morphological studies on the larval stages of three species of Setaria and Dirofilaria repens","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"1990","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1386207033329887"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref3","first-page":"260","article-title":"Enzymes of tricarboxylic acid cycle in microfilarial and adult stages of Setaria cervi","volume":"84","author":"Agarwal","year":"1986","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref203","first-page":"920","article-title":"Effect of diethylcarbamazine on acetylcholine and gamma amino butyric acid in Setaria digitata","volume":"30","author":"Vijayanathan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref95","first-page":"106","article-title":"Antigenic characterization of excretory-secretory products of Setaria cervi","volume":"38","author":"Malhotra","year":"1987","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(87)90029-4"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2004.10.010"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000044899"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref98","first-page":"419","article-title":"Serological studies on animal and human filariasis with antigens from Dirofilaria immitis and Setaria cervi","volume":"7","author":"Minning","year":"1956","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref100","first-page":"346","article-title":"Potential antifilarial activity of fruit extracts of Ficus racemosa Linn. against Setaria cervi in vitro","volume":"43","author":"Mishra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00383119"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref169","first-page":"117","article-title":"Identification of voltage-sensitive calcium channels in Setaria cervi (Nematoda: Filarioidea) and their role in regulation of spontaneous motility","volume":"39","author":"Singhal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00013778"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000066488"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref113","first-page":"16","article-title":"Potential antifilarial activity of Streblus asper against Setaria cervi","volume":"21","author":"Parveen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(94)00053-P"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref109","first-page":"508","article-title":"Analysis and potential of excretory-secretory antigens of Setaria cervi for immunodiagnosis of human filariasis","volume":"34","author":"Mustafa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Indian Journal Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref136","first-page":"264","article-title":"Purification and characterization of lactate dehydrogenase from Setaria cervi","volume":"84","author":"Saxena","year":"1986","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00020630"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00572849"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X0001614X"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref117","first-page":"528","article-title":"Setaria labiato-papillosa (Alessandrini 1938) or Setaria digitata (Von Linstow, 1906)","volume":"11","author":"Purvis","year":"1938","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2560559"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref152","first-page":"397","article-title":"Antifilarial activity of Mallotus philippensis Lam. on Setaria cervi in vitro","volume":"41","author":"Singh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref125","first-page":"159","article-title":"A comparative study of acetylcholinesterase activity in bovine (S. cervi) and human (B. malayi, W. bancrofti) filaria","volume":"25","author":"Rathaur","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(90)92062-5"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(91)90147-Y"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2005.05.004"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref137","volume-title":"Medical microbiology and infectious diseases","author":"Saz","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3279209"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10715768709069763"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9781848160866_0002"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0192-0561(93)90050-9"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref142","first-page":"237","article-title":"Distribution of acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases in the parasitic nematode Setaria cervi","volume":"26","author":"Sharma","year":"1985","journal-title":"Angewandte Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(97)80056-4"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1976515577"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref167","first-page":"93","article-title":"Effect of diethylcarbamazine on Setaria cervi in vitro","volume":"22","author":"Singhal","year":"1978","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9655"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref147","first-page":"489","article-title":"On two filarioid worms, Setaria labiatopapillosa and Pseudofilaria giraffae, from the East African giraffe","volume":"26","author":"Shoho","year":"1975","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref151","first-page":"231","article-title":"In vitro antifilarial activity of Sencio nudicaulis Buch. Ham. Effect on Setaria cervi","volume":"40","author":"Singh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1573(200002)14:1<63::AID-PTR567>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2002164"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00931816"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.430320309"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1969.tb08208.x"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref165","first-page":"517","article-title":"Effect of drugs on the nerve-muscle complex of Setaria cervi","volume":"66","author":"Singhal","year":"1977","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref166","first-page":"71","article-title":"Acetylcholine: A possible neurotransmitter in Setaria cervi","volume":"22","author":"Singhal","year":"1978","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref168","first-page":"546","article-title":"Antifilarial activity of Centratherum anthelminticum seed extracts on Setaria cervi","volume":"30","author":"Singhal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref174","first-page":"690","article-title":"A new rearrangement of the taxonomy of the nematodes belonging to the family Filariidae (Cobbold, 1864)","volume":"49","author":"Skrjabin","year":"1945","journal-title":"Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref175","first-page":"303","article-title":"In vitro action of antifilarials on synthesis of macromolecules by Setaria cervi adults","volume":"52","author":"Srivastava","year":"1983","journal-title":"Current Science"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref177","first-page":"168","article-title":"Amino acid carbohydrate transformations in adult Setaria cervi females","volume":"59","author":"Srivastava","year":"1990","journal-title":"Current Science"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref108","first-page":"538","article-title":"Partial characterization of affinity purified excretory-secretory protease from Setaria digitata","volume":"35","author":"Murugan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref182","first-page":"127","article-title":"Glutathione-S-transferase activity in Setaria cervi females and effect of new antifilarial compounds","volume":"18","author":"Srivastava","year":"1994","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref187","first-page":"1124","article-title":"Excretory\/secretory antigens from a bovine filarial parasite cross react with human antifilarial antibodies","volume":"28","author":"Sugunan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282277"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00012001"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00070-X"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.65.977"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref213","first-page":"41","article-title":"Effect of diethylcarbamazine on lipid metabolism of Setaria digitata","volume":"83","author":"Zachariah","year":"1986","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1386207013331084"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00066-4"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00258-1","article-title":"Potential antifilarial activity of the leaves and seeds extracts of Psoralea corylifolia on cattle filarial parasite Setaria cervi","volume":"84","author":"Uddin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2004.12.003"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1269"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref67","first-page":"871","article-title":"Enzymes of PEP-succinate pathway in Setaria cervi and effect of anthelmintic drugs","volume":"28","author":"Hussain","year":"1990","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00013250"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1997.4164"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(98)00248-9"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref214","first-page":"137","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopy of Setaria labiatopapillosa (Alessandrini, 1848) from cattle of Kazakhstan","volume":"25","author":"Zdarska","year":"1978","journal-title":"Folia Parasitologica"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(89)90336-6"},{"key":"S0022149X07799133_ref153","first-page":"168","article-title":"Potential antifilarial activity of roots of Asparagus adscendens Roxb., against Setaria cervi in vitro","volume":"35","author":"Singh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Experimental Biology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Helminthology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022149X07799133","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]],"date-time":"2019-04-05T23:17:26Z","timestamp":1554506246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022149X07799133\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"references-count":214,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022149X07799133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022149x07799133","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-149X","1475-2697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-149X","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2697","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}}}