{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:24:46Z","timestamp":1782512686098,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Triclabendazole (TCBZ) remains the drug of choice for treating infections of the liver fluke,<jats:italic>Fasciola hepatica<\/jats:italic>in livestock and has become the main drug used to treat human cases of the disease as well. Cases of resistance in livestock continue to be reported, suggesting that the problem is increasing. In order to address the problem, there is a need for better understanding of drug action. A \u2018state-of-play\u2019 review on different aspects of TCBZ activity was published by the present author in 2005. The main purpose of the current review is to assess what progress has been made in the past four years towards understanding the main aspects of drug activity, including drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and an understanding of the mechanism(s) of resistance. Also, what advances have been made in identifying alternative compounds and using drug combinations to enhance TCBZ activity. Stemming from a number of<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>studies, it has become evident that fluke isolates of differing sensitivity to TCBZ differ in some of their biological parameters, and information on this interesting phenomenon will be presented. An update on the use of TCBZ for human fascioliasis is also given. The review will indicate what progress has been made, but will also highlight areas that remain inadequately understood and require greater research focus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x09321173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]],"date-time":"2009-04-15T08:14:44Z","timestamp":1239783284000},"page":"139-150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["Triclabendazole progress report, 2005\u20132009: an advancement of learning?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"I.","family":"Fairweather","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2007.3295.3305","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of Egyptian propolis on Fasciola hepatica eggs with reference to its effect on Clostridium oedematiens and correlation to chemical composition","volume":"10","author":"Hegazi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-922R.1"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.08.007"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.06.001"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.07.010"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4488(00)00163-2"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00553-08"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref25","first-page":"397","article-title":"Phytochemicals from Flemingia vestita (Fabaceae) and Stephania glabra (Menispermeaceae) alter cGMP concentration in the cestode Raillietina echinobothrida","volume":"149","author":"Das","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology part C"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X09344934"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009005642"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1987.tb00078.x"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1143R.1"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.23.723"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.09.005"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.2510130204"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.10.003"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200100124X"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.2.803-805.2006"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(95)00026-X"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(91)90082-Y"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0801-7"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl125"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12935\/jvma1951.46.561"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.156.11.350"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008005222"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006000114"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.07.010"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.007"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008004630"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.07.022"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.01.003","article-title":"Artemether, artesunate, praziquantel and tribendimidine administered singly at different dosages against Clonorchis sinensis: a comparative in vivo study","volume":"106","author":"Shu-Hua","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.03.011"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl408"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02779"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0222-z"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182098003436"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(80)90025-4"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(94)90012-4"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.5.2.263"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref73","article-title":"TEM ultrastructural changes to the tegumental system and the gastrodermal cells in mature flukes following in vivo treatment with the experimental fasciolicide, compound alpha","author":"McConville","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2007.00848.x"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050658"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.009"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0786-1","article-title":"Schistosoma japonicum: in vitro effects of artemether combined with haemin depend on cultivation media and appraisal of artemether products appearing in the media","volume":"89","author":"Xiao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0802-6"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref111","unstructured":"WHO (2007) Report of the WHO Informal Meeting on use of triclabendazole in fascioliasis control, held at WHO Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland, October 2006. 39 pp. Geneva, WHO."},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02859208"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.105.007757","article-title":"Modulation of the P-glycoprotein-mediated intestinal secretion of ivermectin: in vitro and in vivo assessments","volume":"34","author":"Ballent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Metabolism and Disposition"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2008.02.001"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.388","article-title":"A randomised controlled pilot study of artesunate versus triclabendazole for human fascioliasis in Central Vietnam","volume":"78","author":"Hien","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2005.12.004"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00043-3"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005007997"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.08.004"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(95)80117-0"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1996.tb03965.x"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00195-9"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref16","unstructured":"B\u00fcscher G. , Bowen F.L. , Strong M.B. & Crowfoot P.D. (1999) Efficacy of triclabendazole, its metabolites and other compounds in sheep. 17th International Conference of the WAAVP, Copenhagen, 15\u201319 August, abstract c7.40."},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref31","unstructured":"Fairweather I. , Meaney M. , Savage J. , Brennan G. , Hoey E. & Trudgett A. (2008) The role of drug efflux pumps in the development of resistance to triclabendazole in Fasciola hepatica. Xth European Multicolloquium of Parasitology (EMOP X), Paris, August, abstract SY21\/01\u201303."},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90088-5"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0270-4"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.146.17.504-a"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-006-9069-8"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(03)00369-7"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.02.002"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.03.004"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref94","first-page":"23","article-title":"Flukicidal activity of Alpinia nigra (Zingiberaceae) against the trematode, Fasciolopsis buski, in humans","volume":"60","author":"Roy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomedical Letters"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200700282X"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2005298"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.1999.0377"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1986.tb00011.x"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.04.011"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005884429253"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.10.006"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref43","first-page":"3","article-title":"Synergism of a combination of febantel and pyrantel emboate against Ancylostoma caninum on dogs","volume":"61","author":"Hopkins","year":"1991","journal-title":"Veterinary Medical Review"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref44","first-page":"199","article-title":"Herbal dewormers in livestock \u2013 a traditional therapy","volume":"2","author":"Iqbal","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0768-3"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867033456710"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.12.015"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3282f19ec4"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.14.12.1513"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-007-9000-3"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2006.08.004"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.07.012"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01366-06"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32958-8","article-title":"Physiological characteristics of the free-living and parasitic stages of strains of Haemonchus contortus susceptible or resistant to benzimidazole anthelmintics","volume":"25","author":"Kelly","year":"1978","journal-title":"Research in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(03)00221-8"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0816-0"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00172-0"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00498250400015285"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00177-5"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156720106776359195"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000061345"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.01.022"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.02.004"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.159.13.424"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref74","first-page":"33","article-title":"The efficacy of nitroxynil and triclabendazole administered synchronously against juvenile triclabendazole-resistant Fasciola hepatica in sheep","volume":"78","author":"McCoy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Research in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0564-1"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1241-8"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0378-6"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050673"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.07.012"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00267-3"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.01014.x"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(98)00145-5"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-1003-6"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmgm.2004.08.001"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.2002.00365.x"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00425-3"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X0786408X"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref103","first-page":"198","article-title":"Antiparasitic properties of medicinal plants and other naturally occurring products","volume":"50","author":"Tagboto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref106","first-page":"105","article-title":"Artemisinins for schistosomiasis and beyond","volume":"8","author":"Utzinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2006.00735.x"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.01006.x"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200600014X"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2004.028399"},{"key":"S0022149X09321173_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.07.010","article-title":"Development of antischistosomal drugs in China, with particular consideration to praziquantel and the artemisinins","volume":"96","author":"Xiao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"}],"container-title":["Journal of Helminthology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022149X09321173","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]],"date-time":"2020-05-17T13:17:57Z","timestamp":1589721477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022149X09321173\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022149X09321173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022149x09321173","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-149X","1475-2697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-149X","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2697","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}}}