{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:29:22Z","timestamp":1792294162270,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,4]],"date-time":"2009-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1252022400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The increasing prevalence of anthelmintic-resistant strains of helminths, drug residues in animal products and high cost of conventional anthelmintics has created an interest in studying medicinal plants as an alternative source of anthelmintic. The potential nematicidal activities of four extracts from the bark of <jats:italic>Canthium mannii<\/jats:italic> (Rubiaceae) stem were investigated <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Extracts were diluted in distilled water (DW) to obtain five different concentrations (1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5\u00a0mg\/ml) and put in contact with eggs and larvae of <jats:italic>Heligmosomoides polygyrus<\/jats:italic>. The different stages of the life cycle were also put in contact with the same concentration of mebendazole (MBZ, positive control). One millilitre of each extract at different concentrations and control were added to 1\u00a0ml solution containing 30\u201340 eggs or 10\u201315 larvae (L1, L2 and L3) and distributed in different Petri dishes. The eggs and larvae were incubated at 24\u00b0C and exposure times were: 48\u00a0h for un-embryonated eggs, 6\u00a0h for embryonated eggs; 2, 4, 6 and 24\u00a0h for L1 and L2 larvae, 24\u201348\u00a0h for infective larvae (L3), and 5 days for the larval development test (from L1 to L3). DW and 1% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) were used as placebo and DMSO control, respectively. Significant effects were obtained with three of the four extracts, and differences were observed depending on the parasite stage. Cold water extract (CWE), hot water extract (HWE) and ethanol extract (ETE) inhibited embryonic development (40, 45 and 10%) and hatching of embryonated eggs (40, 85 and 80%), respectively, at 3.5\u00a0mg\/ml. Only ETE killed L1 (97.18%) and L2 (92.68%) larvae of <jats:italic>H. polygyrus<\/jats:italic> after 24\u00a0h at 3.5\u00a0mg\/ml and drastically reduced the production rate (6% at 3.0 and 3.5\u00a0mg\/ml) of infective larvae (L3) after 5 days of incubation compared to other extracts (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). However, the infective larvae of <jats:italic>H. polygyrus<\/jats:italic> were resistant to the effect of each of the tested products (extracts and mebendazole). These <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> results suggested that extracts of <jats:italic>C. mannii<\/jats:italic>, used by traditional healers in Dschang, Western Region of Cameroon (Central Africa) to cure intestinal helminthiasis and abdominal pains of their patients, possess nematicidal properties. The active principles responsible for the activity could be secondary metabolites such as alkaloids and saponins present in the extracts. It is suggested that further experiments incorporating <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> purification of extracts and toxicological investigations should be carried out.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x09990435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,4]],"date-time":"2009-09-04T08:16:29Z","timestamp":1252052189000},"page":"156-165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["<i>In vitro<\/i> nematicidal activity of extracts of <i>Canthium mannii<\/i> (Rubiaceae), on different life-cycle stages of <i>Heligmosomoides polygyrus<\/i> (Nematoda, Heligmosomatidae)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Wabo Pon\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.F.","family":"Bilong Bilong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Mpoame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[0692:COIDSA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00269-5"},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(02)00140-1"},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.10.006"},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00218-8"},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref15","unstructured":"Githiori J.B. (2004) Evaluation of anthelmintic properties of ethnoveterinary plant preparations used as livestock dewormers by pastoralist and small holder farmers in Kenya. 76 pp. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Acta Universitatis Agricultural sulciae."},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref14","first-page":"349","volume-title":"Diagnostic exp\u00e9rimental des helminthoses animales (animaux domestiques, animaux de laboratoire, Primate). Travaux pratiques d'helminthologie v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire. Livre 1 g\u00e9n\u00e9ralit\u00e9s. Diagnostic ante mortem","author":"Euzeby","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref13","unstructured":"Elard L. (2000) La r\u00e9sistance aux benzimidazoles chez Tladorsagia circumcincta, n\u00e9matode parasite de petits ruminants. Etude du d\u00e9terminisme g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et recherches des cons\u00e9quences sur la fitness des parasites. 200 pp. Doctoral thesis, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, Paris."},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-004-1143-3"},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref1","first-page":"247","article-title":"A survey on ivermectin resistance in strongyles of sheep in Oyo state Nigeria using larval development","volume":"54","author":"Ademola","year":"2002","journal-title":"Israeli Journal of Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00604-5"},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00040-2"},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref28","first-page":"132","article-title":"Epid\u00e9miologie des helminthiases gastro-intestinales des petits ruminants dans la zone sylvo-pastorale au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal","volume":"36","author":"Ndao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref5","first-page":"18","volume-title":"M\u00e9thodes d'extraction en vue d'obtenir des extraits ou produits purs \u00e0 partir des plantes m\u00e9dicinales","author":"Balansard","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v73i4.586","article-title":"An introductory survey of helminth control practice in South Africa and anthelmintic resistance on thoroughbred farms in the western Cape Province","volume":"73","author":"Matthee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the South Africa Veterinary Association"},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.12.008"},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(98)00066-X"},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.07.021","article-title":"Ovicidal and larvicidal activity in vitro of Spigelia anthelmia extracts on Haemonchus contortus","volume":"117","author":"Gunasegaran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref2","first-page":"569","volume-title":"Traditional medicine and pharmacopoeia. 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(2007) Effets des extraits de Canthium mannii Hiern, 1877 (Rubiac\u00e9es) sur deux n\u00e9matodes parasites strongylides: Ancylostoma caninum Ercolani, 1859 et Heligmosomoides polygyrus Dujardin, 1845. 155 pp. Unpublished PhD thesis, D\u00e9partement de Biologie et Physiologie Animales, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences, Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 1, Cameroun."},{"key":"S0022149X09990435_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.9761"}],"container-title":["Journal of Helminthology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022149X09990435","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,28]],"date-time":"2019-04-28T19:44:43Z","timestamp":1556480683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022149X09990435\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,4]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022149X09990435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022149x09990435","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-149X","1475-2697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-149X","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2697","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,4]]}}}