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Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Plasmids expressing macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) of<jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>Ts<\/jats:italic>MIF), multi-cystatin-like domain protein (MCD-1) of<jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>Ts<\/jats:italic>MCD-1), or co-expressing<jats:italic>Ts<\/jats:italic>MIF and<jats:italic>Ts<\/jats:italic>MCD-1 were constructed with a pVAX1 vector. Their ability to generate a protective immune response against<jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>infection was evaluated in BALB\/c mice. Groups of mice were immunized twice at 2-week intervals with 100\u00a0\u03bcg of recombinant plasmids pVAX1-<jats:italic>Tsmif<\/jats:italic>, pVAX1-<jats:italic>Tsmcd-1<\/jats:italic>or pVAX1-<jats:italic>Tsmif-Tsmcd-1<\/jats:italic>. Control animals were immunized with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or blank vector plasmid. Specific antibody levels (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgM, IgA, IgE) against the recombinant protein<jats:italic>Ts<\/jats:italic>MIF-<jats:italic>Ts<\/jats:italic>MCD-1, serum cytokines (interferon (IFN)-\u03b3, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b21 and IL-17) and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells were monitored. Challenge infection was performed 2 weeks following the second immunization and worm burden was assayed at 35 days post-challenge. Vaccination with pVAX1-<jats:italic>Tsmif<\/jats:italic>induced moderate serum IFN-\u03b3 and increases of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells, but no specific immunoglobulin antibody response. Vaccination with pVAX1-<jats:italic>Tsmcd-1<\/jats:italic>induced a predominant Th1 antibody (IgG2a and IgG2b) response and strong levels of serum IFN-\u03b3, and increases of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells. Importantly, co-expression of<jats:italic>Ts<\/jats:italic>MIF and<jats:italic>Ts<\/jats:italic>MCD-1 in DNA immunization produced more serum IFN-\u03b3 and markedly enhanced CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells than the single DNA vaccine of the two genes. Challenge infection demonstrated that immunization with pVAX1-<jats:italic>Tsmif-Tsmcd-1<\/jats:italic>reduced worm burdens (by 23.17%;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x11000654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,25]],"date-time":"2011-11-25T11:30:02Z","timestamp":1322220602000},"page":"430-439","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evaluation of the immune response induced by DNA vaccines expressing MIF and MCD-1 genes of<i>Trichinella spiralis<\/i>in BALB\/c mice"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"X.","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"X.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X11000654_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.15.7849"},{"key":"S0022149X11000654_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2005.09.004"},{"key":"S0022149X11000654_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00163-2"},{"key":"S0022149X11000654_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3570373"},{"key":"S0022149X11000654_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.12.010"},{"key":"S0022149X11000654_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/427660"},{"key":"S0022149X11000654_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2003)089[0507:MEACOA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0022149X11000654_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.158.3.670"},{"key":"S0022149X11000654_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-007-8014-9"},{"key":"S0022149X11000654_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.3.1895-1897.2005"},{"key":"S0022149X11000654_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2009.06.003"},{"key":"S0022149X11000654_ref11","first-page":"221","article-title":"Chronic trichinosis. 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