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Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effect of three phenols (ellagic, gentisic and gallic acids) from the axlewood tree<jats:italic>Anogeissus leiocarpus<\/jats:italic>on<jats:italic>Onchocerca ochengi<\/jats:italic>and drug-resistant strains of<jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>, a model organism for research on nematode parasites, is investigated. Worms were incubated in different concentrations of phenols and their survival was monitored after 48\u00a0h. Among the three acids, ellagic acid strongly affected the survival of<jats:italic>O. ochengi<\/jats:italic>microfilariae,<jats:italic>O. ochengi<\/jats:italic>adults, a wild-type<jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>and anthelmintic-resistant strains of<jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>, namely albendazole (CB3474), levamisole (CB211, ZZ16) and ivermectin (VC722, DA1316), with LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>values ranging from 0.03\u00a0m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>to 0.96\u00a0m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>. These results indicate that the binding of ellagic acid in the worm differs from that of resistant strains of<jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>. The efficacy of both gallic and gentisic acids was not significantly changed in resistant strains of<jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>treated with levamisole (ZZ16, LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>=\u00a09.98\u00a0m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>, with gallic acid), albendazole (CB3474, LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>=\u00a07.81\u00a0m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>, with gentisic acid) and ivermectin (DA1316, LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>=\u00a010.62\u00a0m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>, with gentisic acid). The efficacy of these three pure compounds is in accordance with the use of<jats:italic>A. leiocarpus<\/jats:italic>from its locality of origin. The<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>toxicity data reveal that the thresholds are up to 200 times higher than the determined LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>values. Thus, ellagic acid could be a potential option for the treatment of nematode infections, even in cases of drug resistance towards established anthelmintic drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x1300045x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,17]],"date-time":"2013-06-17T10:58:41Z","timestamp":1371466721000},"page":"481-488","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Anthelmintic activity of phenolic acids from the axlewood tree<i>Anogeissus leiocarpus<\/i>on the filarial nematode<i>Onchocerca ochengi<\/i>and drug-resistant strains of the free-living nematode<i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Ndjonka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.D.","family":"Abladam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Djafsia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Ajonina-Ekoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.D.","family":"Achukwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Liebau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X1300045X_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00172-3"},{"key":"S0022149X1300045X_ref36","first-page":"384","article-title":"Can ivermectin mass treatments eliminate onchocerciasis in Africa?","volume":"80","author":"Winnen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0022149X1300045X_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1137-7"},{"key":"S0022149X1300045X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0815-1"},{"key":"S0022149X1300045X_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(90)90132-6"},{"key":"S0022149X1300045X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60942-8"},{"key":"S0022149X1300045X_ref28","volume-title":"Guidelines for the testing of chemicals, No 423. 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