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Although there is anecdotal evidence of people dying from hepatic disease due to infection with the larval stage of <jats:italic>Echinococcus<\/jats:italic> spp., there are very few published reports. All confirmed cases of echinococcoses in Mongolia are from hospitals located in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar. Cases of cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by either <jats:italic>Echinococcus granulosus<\/jats:italic> sensu stricto or <jats:italic>Echinococcus canadensis<\/jats:italic> are believed to be relatively common throughout Mongolia. In contrast, cases of alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by <jats:italic>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/jats:italic>, are believed to be rare. Recent wild-animal surveys have revealed that wolves (<jats:italic>Canis lupus<\/jats:italic>) are the major definitive hosts of <jats:italic>E. canadensis<\/jats:italic>, whereas both wolves and red foxes (<jats:italic>Vulpes vulpes<\/jats:italic>) are the primary definitive hosts of <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>. Although wild-animal surveys have begun to elucidate the transmission of <jats:italic>Echinococcus<\/jats:italic> spp. in Mongolia, there have yet to be large-scale studies conducted in domestic dogs and livestock. 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